28 Lighthearted Quotes From the Harry Potter Novels

Despite the sinister plot in author J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter stories, each book has its funny moments. Characters Ron, Fred, George Weasley, and many others add funny quips along with Harry Potters witty jabs, which easily lightens up some very serious situations. And what they have to say reveals a lot about each characters personality too. We have made sure to get at least one quotation from each of the seven  books from the Harry Potter series. Test your memory: Can you recall what was going on at the time of the quote? These quotes are also great as a starting point for book discussions too. Book 1: Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone (Note: published as Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in the United Kingdom.) Dudley Dursley: They stuff peoples heads down the toilet the first day at Stonewall. Want to come upstairs and practice?Harry James Potter: No, thanks. The poor toilets never had anything as horrible as your head down it — it might be sick. Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Oh, are you a prefect, Percy? You should have said something, we had no idea.George Weasley 2nd Twin: Hang on, I think I remember him saying something about it. Once —Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Or twice —George Weasley 2nd Twin: A minute —Fred Weasley 1st Twin: All summer —Percy Ignatius Weasley: Oh, shut up! Professor Minerva McGonagall: Well, thank you for that assessment, Mr. Weasley. Perhaps it would be more useful if I were to transfigure Mr. Potter and yourself into a pocket watch. That way, one of you might be on time. Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore: I was unfortunate enough in my youth to come across a vomit-flavored one, and since then I have rather lost my liking for them. But, I think I could be safe with a nice toffee. (eats it)...Hmm, alas, earwax. Hermione Jean Granger: (in the Devils Snare) Stop moving, both of you. This is a devils snare! You have to relax. If you dont, itll only kill you faster! Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Kill us faster? Oh, now I can relax! Harry James Potter: So light a fire!Hermione Jean Granger: Yes... of course... but theres no wood!Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: HAVE YOU GONE MAD! ARE YOU A WITCH OR NOT! Book 2: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: A Study of Hogwarts Prefects and Their Later Careers. That sounds fascinating. Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Oh get out of the way, Percy. Harrys in a hurry.George Weasley 2nd Twin: Yeah, hes off to the Chamber of Secrets for a cup of tea with his fanged servant. Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Why spiders? Why couldnt it be follow the butterflies? Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Can you believe our luck? Of all the trees we couldve hit, he had to get one that hits back. Draco Lucius Malfoy: Sure you can manage that broom, Potter?Harry James Potter: Yeah, reckon so.Draco Lucius Malfoy: Got plenty of special features, hasnt it? Shame it doesnt come with a parachute in case you get too near a Dementor. (Crabbe and Goyle sniggered)Harry James Potter: Pity you cant attach an extra arm to yours, Malfoy. Then it could catch the Snitch for you. Book 3: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Right, youve got a crooked sort of cross†¦ (consulting Unfogging the Future) That means youre going to have trials and suffering — sorry about that — but theres a thing that could be a sun†¦ hang on†¦ that means great happiness†¦so youre going to suffer but be very happy†¦Harry James Potter: You need your Inner Eye tested if you ask me†¦ Professor Remus  John  Lupin: Now repeat after me — without wands please — repeat after me, Riddikulus.Class: Riddikulus!Professor Remus  John  Lupin: And again!Class: Riddikulus!Draco Lucius Malfoy: This class is ridiculous. Hermione Jean Granger: Ancient Egyptians used to worship cats, you know.Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Yeah, along with the dung beetle. Professor Sybill Trelawney: The study of Divination will give you the rare gift of SIGHT! (stands up, and promptly bumps into her table) Professor Sybill Trelawney: Would anyone like me to help interpret the shadowy realms within their orb?Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley (whispering to Harry James Potter): I dont need help. Its obvious what this means. Theres going to be loads of fog tonight. Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley to Peter Pettigrew (with revulsion): I let you sleep in my bed! Book 4: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Anyone can speak Troll. All you have to do is point and grunt. Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Dont talk to me.Hermione Jean Granger: Why not?Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Because I want to fix that in my memory forever†¦Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley (his eyes closed): Draco Malfoy, the amazing bouncing ferret... Percy Ignatius Weasley: I shudder to think what the state of my in-tray would be if I was away from work for five days.Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Yeah, someone might slip dragon dung in it again, eh, Perce?Percy Ignatius Weasley: That was a sample of fertilizer from Norway! It was nothing personal!Fred Weasley 1st Twin: (whispering to Harry Potter): It was. We sent it. Hermione Jean Granger: You seem to be drowning twice.Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Oh, am I? Id better change one of them to getting trampled by a rampaging Hippogriff. Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Poor old Snuffles. He must really like you, Harry†¦ Imagine having to live off rats. Book 5: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Luna Lovegood: No, I think Ill just go down and have some pudding and wait for it all to turn up... It always does in the end. Book 6: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore: Let us not deprive Molly any longer of the chance to deplore how thin you are. Book 7: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Peeves: We did it, we bashed them, wee Potters the one. And Voldys gone moldy, so now lets have fun! Fred Weasley 1st Twin: He can run faster than Severus Snape confronted with shampoo. Enid Smeek: Shes nutty as squirrel poo. Auntie Muriel Weasley: You there, give me a chair, Im a hundred and seven!

Company Risk Management Pfizer Chief Financial Officer...

In January 2015, Pfizer Chief Financial Officer Frank D Amelio said that foreign exchange rates will hurt 2015 sales by $2.8 billion, or 17 cents a share, if the dollar remains at its current high levels. Pfizer operates like most MNCs by most likely utilizing hedging to reduce the volatility spawned by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. But what you really need to understand is that there are risks involved in FX hedging itself. Most analysts tend to prefer long-term hedging over short-term hedging, the long-term variety can lead a MNC to be over-hedged. Understanding FX risk in the context of enterprise risk management enables finance chiefs to not fall into the trap of over-hedging their FX risk. One way to avoid over-hedging is to hedge only the minimum known payment involved in the future transaction. By hedging a portion of the transactions, a company can reduce the sensitivity of its cash flows to exchange rate movements without creating serious mismatches between the hedge and the risk. In this way, ERM — which consists of managers taking a holistic view of their company’s various risks, prioritizing the material ones, and devising ways to curb them — can help CFOs identify the most volatile foreign exchange rates and reduce some of the guesswork involved in deciding how much of their foreign exchange risk to hedge. Companies like Pfizer exposed to the risk of overestimating their future foreign sales, may negotiate currency hedges that end up being farShow MoreRelatedCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages978-0-273-73552-6 (web) ï £ © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to download and photocopy the manual as required. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies around the world. Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk ---------------------------------This edition published 2011  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 The rights of Gerry Johnson, Richard Whittington and Kevan Scholes to be identified

Role of CSR and Sustainability-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethics, values, corporate social responsibility and sustainability plays an important role in an organization. Answer: Ethics, values, corporate social responsibility and sustainability plays an important role in an organization. The ethics, values, social responsibility and sustainability are considered as ethical standards for an organization. These guidelines are interconnected to provide a balance between economy and working environment (Klettner, Clarke Boersma, 2014). The below paragraphs elaborate on managing of ethical standards, going beyond organizations interests and managing of ethical standards are easy or challenging for managers in an organization. The ethical standards in an organization help to promote honest and valued relationships of employees with organization, clients and external stakeholders. The major ethical dilemmas faced by professionals in an organization are as follows. The first one is challenges in integrating ethics into organizational cultures and practices among employees. The second one is issues related to trust and integrity that are faced by businesses. The third one is diversity issues related to enforcing equal opportunities among the employees in the business environment (Zheng, Luo Wang, 2014). The fourth one is decision-making process should ensure fair decision making that protects customer rights and their beliefs. These ethical dilemmas should be taken care properly to contribute to business success. The various approaches taken by managers to employ in evaluating and deciding on ethical dilemmas are as follows. The first approach is to understand ethical behavior of employees to implement ethic s practices. The second approach is to keep documentation layout of expectations and guidelines for ethical standards. The third approach is to ensure that all employees who report to the manager understand the rules of ethical standards. The fourth approach is to make a set of framework to make right decisions in a situation of ethical dilemma (Guerci et al., 2015). However, there are some drawbacks of these approaches and that is important issues will arise that are not specifically addressed in the ethical standards code. The approaches taken by managers require them to promote ethics in organizations. The ways through which managers can promote ethics in organizations are as follows. The first step is to ensure that employees have respect for their managers. This step is critical as it helps to enforce business ethics in the organization (Huang Paterson, 2017). The second step is to set the tone through reward and punishment practices where employees do not oppose the guidelines given in the ethics code. This is done by having a strong leader in the team. The third step is to choose the staff carefully in the recruitment process. This is done through interviewing the staff on moral development, personal values and other behaviors. The fourth step is to train employees on ethical behaviors that they need in the business environment. The training process will help them to understand the ethical standards of the company. The fifth step is to take actions against any unethical behaviors in the business environment to prevent any future occurrences. This ensures that employees do not repeat their unethical behaviors. The sixth and final step is to give rewards to employees who follow ethical behaviors in the working environment. This will influence other employees also and they will also follow ethical standards (Neves Story, 2015). The challenges faced by managers while promoting ethics in their organizations are inadequate education and knowledge, inconsistencies in administration, lack of committed leadership and ineffective reward/punishment system. The ethical standards being sustainable in the organization and outside the organization has six basics and they are as follows. The first two are business continuity plan and risk management. The other two are responsibility, and conformance and compliance. The last two are performance and continual improvement (Schminke et al., 2014). The ethical standards being socially responsible in the organization and outside the organization has five basics and they are as follows. The first two are human resource management and risk management. The other two are relationship with suppliers and triple bottom line (people, planet and profit). The last two are presence in global market and reduced interference in businesses. The relationship between upholding ethical standards being sustainable and socially responsible is through economic, social and environmental factors (Wang, 2013). The combinations of these factors influence relationship between socially responsible and sustainability to up hold ethical standards in an organization. These factors are based on organizations regulations, norms, code of ethics and code of conducts. The achievements of organizations interests beyond the organization to wider community are as follows. The first one is increasing probability of behavior in people in certain ways towards organization (Shah et al., 2014). The second one is that good ethics will help employees to do right things in the right way. The third one is that code of ethics and code of conduct do not take away an individuals moral values from the duty of reason in the organization. The fourth one is that code of ethics can function as a statement that professionally expresses commitments to moral values. Thus, the above benefits will help to reach to the wider community. The implementation of ethical standards and being socially responsible are the factors which are faced by effective managers and they should be taken into account. The managers need to look after investments of resources, company integration and communication. These are the causes of the above factors that add to the challenges faced by the managers (Wu et al., 2015). However, managing of ethical standards and going beyond organizations interest are sometimes not valuable. This is due to legal issues faced by company because of government rules and regulations. Lack of business ethics among the employees due to competitive environment also contribute to the negativity of managing ethical standards. The relationship of employee with manager is also a concern if it is not in a good terms. Hence, there are negative points related to managing ethical standards in an organization. Therefore, from above paragraphs, it can be concluded that implementing, promoting and managing ethical standards in an organization is challenging. Managers face lots of challenges in managing ethical standards and going beyond organizations interest. This is due to different functioning and behavior of employees and internal working environment. Hence, managers should be able to manage the ethical standards in the work environment effectively for business growth. References Guerci, M., Radaelli, G., Siletti, E., Cirella, S., Shani, A. R. (2015). The impact of human resource management practices and corporate sustainability on organizational ethical climates: An employee perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,126(2), 325-342. Huang, L., Paterson, T. A. (2017). Group ethical voice: Influence of ethical leadership and impact on ethical performance.Journal of Management,43(4), 1157-1184. Klettner, A., Clarke, T., Boersma, M. (2014). The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), 145-165. Neves, P., Story, J. (2015). Ethical leadership and reputation: Combined indirect effects on organizational deviance.Journal of Business Ethics,127(1), 165-176. Schminke, M., Caldwell, J., Ambrose, M. L., McMahon, S. R. (2014). Better than ever? Employee reactions to ethical failures in organizations, and the ethical recovery paradox.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,123(2), 206-219. Shah, S. (2014). Corporate social responsibility: a way of life at the Tata Group.Journal of Human Values,20(1), 59-74. Wang, Y. (2013). FROM VIRTUE ETHICS TO VIRTUOUS CORPORATION-PUTTING VIRTUES INTO BUSINESS PRACTICE.PLATFORM: Journal of Media Communication,5(1). Wu, L. Z., Kwan, H. K., Yim, F. H. K., Chiu, R. K., He, X. (2015). CEO ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility: A moderated mediation model.Journal of Business Ethics,130(4), 819-831. Zheng, Q., Luo, Y., Wang, S. L. (2014). Moral degradation, business ethics, and corporate social responsibility in a transitional economy.Journal of Business Ethics,120(3), 405-421

Chapter 5 great gatsby free essay sample

In Chapter 5 Nick organises a get together at his house for Gatsby and Daisy to meet again and Nick deliberately asks Daisy not to bring Tom. Once at Gatsbys house they endure an awkward greeting, but then Gatsby gives them a tour, displaying his possessions and takes particular care showing off his expensive, imported clothes. Fitzgerald uses Chapter 5 as an important turning point for Gatsby and Daisy, Fitzgerald uses setting to emphasis and focus on the relationship between them both and the change of scene. At the beginning of the meeting when they initially assemble there is a very tense and awkward atmosphere which can be seen when it says a pause; it endured horribly which further exaggerates how neither of them know what to say, or how to act with each other. Although once Gatsby invites Nick and Daisy to his house, you can clearly see Gatsby and Daisys relationship growing stronger. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 5 great gatsby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gatsby is immediately more confident and greets them with a bold greeting Oh, hello, Old Sport like he hadnt seen me for years This is returning to Gatsbys onstant repetition of old sport showing how he is back to his normal self. Fitzgerald could be doing this to show how Gatsby is more confident when he is in his own house and space. Hes more relaxed as hes surrounded by his own luxuries which you see him desperately try to impress Daisy with. You can see how Daisy warms to him as it nears the end of the night, Daisy is even sobbing at the beautiful shirts. Fitzgerald uses this to show how Daisy and Gatsbys relationship is reignited and also show us that Gatsby has these extravagant parties to share his luxuries. Fitzgerald uses weather and pathetic fallacy to carry us along the chapter and further exaggerate the fading awkwardness to a place where Gatsby and Daisy can relive their love for each other. At first Nick makes it clear that the day agreed upon pouring rain and he uses this visual senses throughout the chapter. The rain and Fitzgeralds negative use of pathetic fallacy create a negative tone before Gatsby and Daisy have met. This links to Gatsbys growing anxiety and stress before his first encounter with Daisy for so long. Fitzgerald continues to use exhausting and ragging language like the description of the man dragging the lawn mower and how the area was soggy and Whitewashed as Nick drives through it. Fitzgerald could be doing this to show how Nick is doing this as a chore, he feels he has to help Gatsby rather than wanting to. Although the fact he is still willing to help even though the weather seems to be persuading him to not bother could show how he himself wants to impress Gatsby by helping him out. Fitzgerald ominously foreshows their future relationship events and Gatsbys fate. This contrasts with the weather at Gatsbys house where it stops raining and Daisys dress gleamed in the sunlight. Fitzgerald uses the use of imagery from the weather to show two different outlooks, one of hopelessness to one of hope and potential through the sunlight. Fitzgerald also uses imagery to give the reader a proper insight into Gatsby and how he desperately wants to impress Daisy. When Gatsby first meets Daisy he is wearing a White flannel suit, silver shirt and gold coloured tie this represents how flamboyant Gatsby is. It implies that Gatsby doesnt think he can get Daisy purely on his ersonality so displays his wealth in the nope it will make ner tall in love with The fact that the suit is white and its only the shirt and tie that have colour and flashiness to them, could show us how Gatsby is Just a blank canvas and that its his processions around him tie and shirt that make him of interest. Another use of imagery for Gatsby is when Nick describes Gatsby to have dark signs of sleeplessness below his eyes illustrates how anxious Gatsby has been to meet Daisy that he hasnt been able to get it off his mind. This could show us how pivotal Fitzgerald makes this chapter, that it is the moment Gatsbys been waiting for and been so worried about. Fitzgerald also uses Nicks description of dialogue to give us an insight into Daisy, when she first appears Nick describes he voice as an exhilarating ripple this associates itself with the water that Gatsby looks across toward the green light in an earlier chapter. It also adds a very surreal and mysterious quality to her voice which could link to the fact that Daisy is Gatsbys dream, and its slowly emerging from the misty green light to an actual encounter ith his dream. Also the use of ripple and effect of water could show how Daisy is quite relaxed and quite unlike Gatsby who is feeling tense and stiff before they meet. This contrasts to Nicks later description that Daisy sobbed, muffled under thick folds which Fitzgerald could be doing to show how once they met instead of calming Daisy like it does Gatsby, it makes her uncomfortable and torn. Fitzgerald does this to emphasise how this chapter is the turning point, that both characters have significant changes throughout the chapter.

personal finances Essays - Economy, Finance, Money, Personal Finance

1 - Financial Position: this area is concerned with understanding the personal resources available by examining net worth and household cash flow. Net worth is a person's balance sheet, calculated by adding up all assets under that person's control, minus all liabilities of the household, at one point in time. Household cash flow totals up all the expected sources of income within a year, minus all expected expenses within the same year. From this analysis, the financial planner can determine to what degree and in what time the personal goals can be accomplished. 2 - Adequate Protection: the analysis of how to protect a household from unforeseen risks. These risks can be divided into liability, property, death, disability, health and long term care. Some of these risks may be self-insurable, while most will require the purchase of an insurance contract. Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance. Business owners, professionals, athletes and entertainers require specialized insurance professionals to adequately protect themselves. Since insurance also enjoys some tax benefits, utilizing insurance investment products may be a critical piece of the overall investment planning. 3 - Tax Planning: typically the income tax is the single largest expense in a household. Managing taxes is not a question of if you will pay taxes, but when and how much. Government gives many incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits, which can be used to reduce the lifetime tax burden. Most modern governments use a progressive tax. Typically, as your income grows, you pay a higher marginal rate of tax. Understanding how to take advantage of the myriad tax breaks when planning your personal finances can make a significant impact upon your success. 4 - Investment and Accumulation Goals: planning how to accumulate enough money to acquire items with a high price is what most people consider to be financial planning. The major reasons to accumulate assets is for the following: a - purchasing a house b - purchasing a car c - starting a business d - paying for education expenses e - accumulating money for retirement, to generate a stream of income to cover lifestyle expenses. Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost, and when you need to withdraw funds. A major risk to the household in achieving their accumulation goal is the rate of price increases over time, or inflation. Using net present value calculators, the financial planner will suggest a combination of asset earmarking and regular savings to be invested in a variety of investments. In order to overcome the rate of inflation, the investment portfolio has to get a higher rate of return, which typically will subject the portfolio to a number of risks. Managing these portfolio risks is most often accomplished using asset allocation, which seeks to diversify investment risk and opportunity. This asset allocation will prescribe a percentage allocation to be invested in stocks, bonds, cash and alternative investments. The allocation should also take into consideration the personal risk profile of every investor, since risk attitudes vary from person to person. 5 - Retirement Planning: retirement planning is the process of understanding how much it costs to live at retirement, and coming up with a plan to distribute assets to meet any income shortfall. can leave your assets to family, friends or charitable groups.

Eggplant Domestication History and Genealogy

Eggplant Domestication History and Genealogy Eggplant (Solanum melongena), also known as aubergine or brinjal, is a cultivated crop with a mysterious but well-documented past. Eggplant is a member of the Solanaceae family, which includes its American cousins potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers). But unlike the American Solanaceae domesticates, eggplant is believed to have been domesticated in the Old World, likely India, China, Thailand, Burma or someplace else in southeast Asia. Today there are approximately 15-20 different varieties of eggplant, grown primarily in China. Using Eggplants The first use of eggplant was probably medicinal rather than culinary: its flesh still has a bitter after-taste if it is not treated properly, despite centuries of domestication experimentation. Some of the earliest written evidence for the use of eggplant is from the Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas, Ayurvedic texts written about 100 BC that describe the health benefits of eggplant. The domestication process increased the fruit size and weight of eggplants  and altered the prickliness, flavor, and flesh and peel color, a centuries-long process which is carefully documented in ancient Chinese literature. The earliest domestic relatives of eggplant described in Chinese documents had small, round, green fruits, while todays cultivars feature an incredible range of colors. The prickliness of the wild eggplant is an adaptation to protect itself from herbivores; the domesticated versions have few or no prickles, a trait selected by humans so that we omnivores can pluck them safely. Eggplants Possible Parents The progenitor plant for S. melongena is still under debate. Some scholars pinpoint S. incarnum, a native of North Africa and the Middle East, that developed first as a garden weed and then was selectively grown and developed in southeast Asia. However, DNA sequencing has provided evidence that S. melongena is likely descended from another African plant S. linnaeanum, and that that plant was dispersed throughout the Middle East and into Asia before becoming domesticated. S. linnaeanum produces small, round green-striped fruit. Other scholars suggest that the true progenitor plant has not been identified yet, but was probably located in the savannas of southeast Asia. The real problem in trying to resolve the domestication history of eggplant is that archaeological evidence supporting any eggplant domestication process is lackingevidence for eggplant simply hasnt been found in archaeological contexts, and so researchers must rely on a set of data that includes genetics but also a wealth of historical information. Ancient History of the Eggplant Literary references to eggplant occur in Sanskrit literature, with the oldest direct mention dated from the third century AD; a possible reference may date as early as 300 BC. Multiple references have also been found in the vast Chinese literature, the earliest of which is in the document known as the Tong Yue, written by Wang Bao in 59 BC. Wang writes that the one should separate and transplant eggplant seedlings at the time of the Spring equinox. The Rhapsody on Metropolitan of Shu, 1st century BC-1st century AD, also mentions eggplants. Later Chinese documentation records the specific changes that were deliberately wrought by Chinese agronomists in domesticated eggplants: from round and small green fruit to large and long-necked fruit with a purple peel. Illustrations in Chinese botanical references dated between the 7-19th centuries AD document the alterations in eggplants shape and size; interestingly, the search for a better flavor is also documented in Chinese records, as the Chinese botanists endeavored to remove the bitter flavor in the fruits. Eggplant is believed to have been brought to the attention of the Middle East, Africa and the West by Arabic traders along the Silk Road, beginning around the 6th century AD. However, earlier carvings of eggplants have been found in two regions of the Mediterranean: Iassos (within a garland on a Roman sarcophagus, ​the first half of the 2nd century AD) and Phrygia (a fruit carved on a grave stele, 2nd century AD). Yilmaz and colleagues suggest a few samples may have been brought back from Alexander the Greats expedition to India. Sources DoÄŸanlar, Sami. High resolution map of eggplant (Solanum melongena) reveals extensive chromosome rearrangement in domesticated members of the Solanaceae. Amy FraryMarie-Christine Daunay, Volume 198, Issue 2, SpringerLink, July 2014. Isshiki S, Iwata N, and Khan MMR. 2008. ISSR variations in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and related Solanum species. Scientia Horticulturae 117(3):186-190. Li H, Chen H, Zhuang T, and Chen J. 2010. Analysis of genetic variation in eggplant and related Solanum species using sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. Scientia Horticulturae 125(1):19-24. Liao Y, Sun B-j, Sun G-w, Liu H-c, Li Z-l, Li Z-x, Wang G-p, and Chen R-y. 2009. AFLP and SCAR Markers Associated with Peel Color in Eggplant (Solanum melongena). Agricultural Sciences in China 8(12):1466-1474. Meyer RS, Whitaker BD, Little DP, Wu S-B, Kennelly EJ, Long C-L, and Litt A. 2015. Parallel reductions in phenolic constituents resulting from the domestication of eggplant. Phytochemistry 115:194-206. Portis E, Barchi L, Toppino L, Lanteri S, Acciarri N, Felicioni N, Fusari F, Barbierato V, Cericola F, Valà ¨ G et al. 2014. QTL Mapping in Eggplant Reveals Clusters of Yield-Related Loci and Orthology with the Tomato Genome. PLoS ONE 9(2):e89499. Wang J-X, Gao T-G, and Knapp S. 2008. Ancient Chinese Literature Reveals Pathways of Eggplant Domestication. Annals of Botany 102(6):891-897. Free download Weese TL, and Bohs L. 2010. Eggplant origins: Out of Africa, into the Orient. Taxon 59:49-56. Yilmaz H, Akkemik U, and Karagoz S. 2013. Identification of plant figures on stone statues and sarcophaguses and their symbols: the Hellenistic and Roman periods of the eastern Mediterranean basin in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 13(2):135-145.

My Management Philosophy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Management Philosophy - Term Paper Example In this paper, I will analyze my management philosophy and how it has been influenced by my skills, experience, and knowledge of other theories. The first philosophy that I consider significant is the principle of efficient planning. Managers may accomplish very little or no realizations at all if they fail to plan. This is because the lack of a plan means that a person may do anything at anytime. Planning begins with the determination of desired goals because they guide managers in choosing strategies that help them realize these objectives (Covey, 2013). After determining the desirable aims, managers then carry out research to help them choose the best approaches to realize them; the investigation may be carried out through extensive reading to find out how other organizations perform their tasks or it may be through testing and analyzing of past experiences. The next step after choosing the strategy to apply is implementation that involves putting the strategies into practice to achieve the goals. Evaluation then helps leaders to determine the goals that they have achieved and those that they have failed to accomplish so that they may develop techniques of improving the results. My experience as a human resource manager has made me to value this philosophy because whenever the department fails to plan, it ends up achieving results that are below its capacity. Also the fact that human resource division deals with recruitment means that the department has to plan to determine the type of employees to hire and those that need to be fired (Drucker, 2008). The second philosophy is that efficient communication is vital for the success of managers in their career and also for organizations that aim at realizing high sales and returns (Drucker, 2008). Communication involves exchanging information with other managers, employees, and subordinate staff members. Charismatic leadership style advocates for both verbal and non-verbal communication. This

Beyond the Apparent Meaning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Beyond the Apparent Meaning - Research Paper Example Close and keen analysis of his works reveals the how the author builds the theme in the story. This paper will highlight the how the author develops the theme of moral obligation in the story ‘Magic Barrel’ and others. The ‘magic barrel’ is a fascinating literary piece that has received a lot of attention from literature scholars. The story centers on the Leo’s search for a bride, an assignment that he considers himself unable to handle and designates it tom Salzman, who specializes in matchmaking. The story highlights why Leo must embark on searching for a potential bride. Apparently, he had spent most of his years in rabbinical studies and having a wife at that juncture had the potential of improving his chances as a rabbi. At the time, a rabbi without a wife hardly found a congregation to shepherd. At twenty-seven, he realized that he urgently needed a bride but lacked the capacity to court one for himself because he had spent the preceding years c oncentrating on his studies and never found time to develop any social skills. These are the reasons that made him seek for the assistance of the matchmaker. The story progresses to describe the process that followed in the search for a bride. It becomes evident that Leo Finkle embarked on the venture because, it was an obligation for him to have wife, as a Jewish scholar. Although his initial motivation was entirely being able to meet the moral obligation required by Judaism, it turned out to mean much more. A rabbi had to have a wife prior to ordination, a factor that placed him in an appropriate position for him to understand the marriage institution complexities because he would have to give others counsel on such matters. Consequently, being bachelor placed a barrier for some potential rabbis because it proved them incapable of managing a congregation. Malamud uses Leo as reflection of religious moral obligations in the Jewish community. The zealous search that Leo indulges in reveals the depth and criticality of moral obligation. As Salzman made suggestions of potential brides for Leo, it became evident that his moral obligations influenced his decisions and opinions of the potential brides. He had moral standings that served to determine the would-be bride. In this context, Leo was acting in accordance to the Jewish law (Avery190). Having studied law for a long time, Korah laws defined his moral standings. As Malamud developed the story, he introduces a new perspective of moral obligation. As Leo Finkle absorbed himself in the search of a potential bride, he realized that he lacked the central value that defined an individual’s moral values. Although he strived to fulfill the religious moral obligations, he recognized that love for God had not moved him to theological law. In essence, love for God appeared to him as higher authority. Although being a rabbi involved helping others out of love, he lacked love for God and fellow humans. He recognize d his need for love and resolved to build the important attribute that would help him serve effectively. He understood the emptiness that surrounded a rabbi who lacked understanding of love. Upon realization of the fact that he needed love, he woke up to the reality that love was a stronger moral obligation (Malamud 167). In addition, Malamud used the opinion of Salzman to emphasize the value of adhering to moral obligations. As a matchmaker, he handled Leo’s case with a different approach. He intended to find him a bride that

The Problems with Using Nostalgia to Represent the Past Essay

The Problems with Using Nostalgia to Represent the Past - Essay Example The word ‘nostalgia’ originates from the terms ‘nostos’, which means ‘to return’, and ‘algos’, which means ‘pain’ (Trigg 2006, 53). Therefore, nostalgia has mostly been a representation of the ‘pain’ a person feels when s/he is not with his/her loved ones or away from his/her dear homeland. This essay discusses the potential problems with using nostalgia to represent the past. What is Nostalgia? The term ‘nostalgia’ plainly means ‘homesickness’ or ‘home-longing.’ In the book The Future of Nostalgia, Svetlana Boyn develops the two expressions of nostalgic sentiment, a ‘reflective nostalgia’, which â€Å"dwells in longing and loss† and a ‘restorative nostalgia’, which refers to ‘nostos’ and suggests to â€Å"rebuild the lost home† (Scott 2010, 45). It was Johannes Hofer who first used the word ‘nostalgia’ in 1688. Hofer enumerated several indications of nostalgia, namely, weakened senses, weakness, quickened heartbeat, insomnia, anxiety, sadness, etc. For Hofer, nostalgia is a physical illness caused by brain disorders (Naqvi 2007, 10). Between the 18th and 19th century nostalgia was assumed to be, to a certain extent, a psychosomatically illness brought about by internal struggles. Psychoanalytic accounts linking nostalgia to a childhood trauma and the desire to go back t o the mother’s womb were widespread throughout the 20th century (Naqvi 2007, 10-11). . On the other hand, counter to the disagreements on the roots of nostalgia there was strong agreement until the mid-20th century to categorise nostalgia as an illness. During this period nostalgia was specifically linked to depression. However, in the 1970s the meaning and image of nostalgia fully transformed. It was at this time that nostalgia shifted from a longing for home to a longing for time, specifically for the past. As a result, nostalgia started to be differentiated from ‘home-longing’ (Koneke 2011, 5). In addition, although nostalgia was previously interpreted from the point of view of the individual in the 1970s nostalgia turned out to be a sociological occurrence as well. Social scientists linked nostalgia to a perspective of demise in humanity, particularly a demise in morality and unity, and with a longing for peace, genuineness, and nature. This newly formed social viewpoint resulted further in the development of a new viewpoint on nostalgia, namely, a c ollective nostalgia (Koneke 2011, 5). Understanding the nature of nostalgia has actually been very difficult. Even though nostalgia was originally regarded to be a depressing or melancholic illness whilst it is currently rather regarded to be pleasurable, most professionals who have been looking at nostalgia have recognised that nostalgia involves favourable and unfavourable sentiments at the same time. In fact, nostalgia is largely regarded as a bittersweet feeling, a bipolar sentiment which merges pleasure with anguish, affection with pain, and happiness with sadness (Sprengler 2011, 14). Nostalgia’s bittersweet essence is largely either due to experiencing at the same time past pleasure and existing anguish, or to the problem of simultaneously longing to break away from the need to accept the present and into the past. Even though there is widespread agreement that nostalgia is a bittersweet emotion there is a certain debate, whether the happy or the melancholic aspects do minate. A number of scholars, particularly psychoanalysts, have deduced from case narratives that the central features of nostalgia are disillusionment, anxiety, and grief (Koneke 2011, 5-6). To sum up the

Overview Of Community Health Nursing Health Essay

Overview Of Community Health Nursing Health Essay The field of community health nursing has evolved through four distinct stages. The early home care nursing stage dates back to before the mid-1800s. During this stage, nursing and religion were closely related. Religious groups took on the roles and responsibilities of caring for those in need of healthcare. The first representation of nursing was apparent in 1617 with the Sisters of Charity. They were a religious group primarily composed of nuns. The main focus of these women was to direct their care towards the sick poor population. They wanted to help those who were ill but were unable to access proper care. They would visit the sick at their homes and provide any necessary treatment. Following the successful actions of the Sisters of Charity, community health nursing was temporarily put on hold. The setback was due to the Reformation and the Industrial Revolution. These major historical events lead to fewer religious groups and an increase in epidemics. Infant mortality rates, m ental illnesses, communicable diseases, and work related injuries were on the rise. During these miserable living conditions, Florence Nightingale became noticed for her improvements in nursing care. Her work during the Crimean War greatly impacted the direction of community health nursing. She saved many lives by controlling the spread of infectious disease. She was the first leader of health prevention and health promotion (Allender Spradley, 2005). The district nursing stage occurred from the mid-1800s to 1900. William Rathbone largely impacted this stage. His wife benefited from a home health nurse while she was sick. He decided to hire the nurse that cared for his wife to work in the community and provide care to all poor individuals as necessary. Due to insufficient sanitation and unsafe working conditions, the need for nurses in the community was very demanding. Therefore, William Rathbone hired many more nurses to work in the community. In 1861, Rathbone founded the first training school for visiting nurses. Once the nurses completed their education, they were sent out to work in a specific district in the community. These nurses were responsible for taking care of the poor and teaching them proper hygiene and health-related habits. They taught new mothers how to prevent infant diarrhea to reduce the risk of infant mortality. This area of nursing gained more attention from the government and became financed from public mon ey instead of from religious and charitable donations (Allender Spradley, 2005). The public health nursing stage took place between the years of 1900-1970. The nurse role extended beyond treating only the poor; therefore, Lillian D. Wald coined the term public health nursing. These nurses worked outside of the traditional hospital settings and were required to treat the general population. There were many different areas for nurses to provide their care in the public; such as, infant welfare, venereal disease control, school health, and mental health programs. In 1903, Robert Koch proved that tuberculosis is communicable. This discovery led to more nurses working in tuberculosis clinics trying to minimize outbreaks. Nurses were responsible for teaching the public in the hopes of promoting healthy habits and preventing illness. Wald began implementing policies, laws, and standards within the public to improve the health of the population. In 1912, she founded the National Organization for Public Health Nursing. The career path was gaining popularity and finally co nsidered a respectable profession (Allender Spradley, 2005). The community health nursing stage is the final stage. It began in 1970 and presently exists. It is difficult to distinguish between the public health nursing stage and the community health nursing stage. The two terms are very similar and used interchangeably. Community health refers to all nurses who practice in the community. They may not necessarily focus on public health practices; such as, health promotion and prevention. Community health nurses were seen working at senior centres, community-health clinics, doctors offices, schools, and occupational environments. They began working in collaboration with many other health professionals; such as, physicians, physiotherapists, social workers, and nutritionists. Community health nursing has advanced significantly throughout the past century (Allender Spradley, 2005). The field of community health nursing is very diverse. The current practice of community health nursing includes primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. A community health nurse may work for an official public health agency concentrating on primary prevention. They may work towards implementing policies; such as, a smoke-free Ontario. They can organize programs within the community to educate the public; such as, participACTION, fall prevention, and well baby program. These nurses can work in occupational settings trying to prevent work-related injuries. They may also be seen working for telephone help lines where they give advice and referrals for those who need assistance. An important mechanism of primary prevention is vaccination clinics. The goal of primary prevention is to prevent illness from occurring in the first place. The purpose of secondary prevention is to diagnose illness as early as possible. Nurses can work for screening clinics and help wi th early treatment plans. Tertiary prevention aims to provide the community with rehabilitation facilities. Nurses can have important roles promoting and maintaining good health (Stamler Yiu, 2005). Community health nursing is a very valuable nursing specialty. There have been many successes leading to positive outcomes for communities around the world. A current strength is giving vaccinations. Vaccinations are extremely important in preventing serious illness. They save the health care system significant amounts of money each year by preventing disease. Vaccinations have completely removed certain diseases that were once considered fatal. A second strength is the maintenance of sanitary living conditions which reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases. A third strength is the multiple programs organized through public health agencies. There are education programs that create awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and prompt treatment with medication. Other programs promote the use of seat-belts, car seats, and helmets, causing motor-vehicle related injuries to drastically reduce. Public health nurses have helped reduce the amount of deaths related to cardiovascular accidents by encouraging smoking cessation and running blood pressure clinics. There are nurses who have promoted healthy eating to reduce diseases related to malnutrition; such as, rickets. Public health nursing has created a safer and healthier community (Thornbory, 2009). There are three main challenges in the field of community health nursing. The first challenge is that there is a lack of evidence based research to guide the practice and form new policies. The majority of current research studies are used to guide nursing practice within the hospital setting but not within the community setting. There is a very minimal amount of objective data and statistics within community-based research. The problem associated with lack of scientific research is that it creates a communication barrier. It makes it almost impossible to create new policies. A second challenge is related to policy implementation. Nurses can spend a great deal of time explaining to the public why it is important to exercise and eat healthy, but education is not enough. The environment plays a large role and impedes much of what nurses try to educate (Thornbory, 2009). For example, public health nurses can encourage children to eat fruits and vegetables but the school cafeteria only s ells junk food. Policies can be created to make fruits and vegetables more affordable but there are more fast-food restaurants than grocery stores. The third challenge is avoiding ethical dilemmas. A community health nurse may be responsible for providing care to an individual while simultaneously protecting the health of the community. It is possible that these two obligations may come into conflict with one another and the nurse is left with a tough decision. For example, a nurse counsels a client who just found out he has tuberculosis. The client decides he does not want treatment. He has the right to autonomy, confidentiality, and freedom of choice but his decision puts the community at risk. This example demonstrates an ethical dilemma that a community health nurse may face. She must decide if she wants to defend her individual patient or go against his wishes for the greater good of the public (CNA, 2006). There are a few challenges in the community health nursing field but th ey do not outweigh the successes. Community health nursing is expected to expand even further throughout the next several years. It may begin to include forensic nursing and disaster nursing. If current trends continue, those specific areas within the community may be in demand. Sexual assault and domestic violence has been on the rise and nurses have the potential to help the situation. These nurses would have to have very good assessment skills and be able to collect physical evidence from a victimà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s body. There have also been many disasters the past few years; such as, the terrorist attack on 911 and hurricane Katrina. Nurses will be needed in the future if similar situations arise (Stamler Yiu, 2005). I am interested in becoming a community health nurse. I do not want to work a high stress job in a hospital atmosphere. Important skills for a community health nurse to acquire are communication, teaching, and management (Hunt Zurek, 1997). I can communicate effectively to clients and show empathy when appropriate. I have very good time management skills as well as being organized. I can work in collaboration with others or independently. I think I am most interested in becoming a home health nurse or a public health nurse. I feel that I could assess a communityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s needs and create a productive plan. I am looking forward to the reward of helping people from diverse populations. This paper has examined the various aspects of community health nursing. Community health nursing has progressed from religious and charitable organisations to many more career options being funded by the government. There are many opportunities for community health nurses. They may experience a variety of work environments and roles. The role of the nurse may be to prevent disease, promote healthy living, or take care of those who are sick in their homes. This specialty of nursing has progressed immensely since the 1600s and will most likely continue to advance into the future.

The Novel Deliverance as a Prophecy of Man :: James Dickey Deliverance Essays

The Novel Deliverance as a Prophecy of Man A true survivor can only depend on himself. The novel Deliverance is a story about four characters each with different views on surviving. Every man in the world can relate to one of the three secondary characters in the novel Deliverance. Men can relate to Lewis Medlock for his primitive views, Drew for his rationality, or Bobby for his lack of ability to survive. Many people say that Lewis is the man that most men want to be like, Drew is the man that most men are like, and Bobby is the man that most men fear becoming. Lewis is the man most men want to be because he does not depend on anyone or anything. He loves a challenge and will do anything he can to live life to its fullest extent. Ed Gentry, the central character, represents all in the way he looks up to Lewis and strives to be like him. Most men fall into the same category as Drew because their ability to survive has been clouded by rational thoughts. Then there is Bobby. Most men do not want to be linked with Bobby be cause he can not live without help from civilization. Even though these characters posses many of the same traits, their main differences are in their ability to survive life. They also have different views on life. Lewis sees life as a game that you must constantly challenge if you are to survive. Drew sees life as a struggle that should never be challenged. Then there is Bobby who sees life as something he does not have to worry about because their will always be someone their to help him through it. All three of these characters possess traits that can be identified in every man. First there is Lewis, a middle aged man that is at the prime of his life, and fears nothing. He is the strongest character in the book. He is, "†¦ a physical-conditioning perfectionist with misplaces survival-of-the-fittest instincts and cave-man yearnings"(Warren). Lewis is the man that most men want to be like because he needs no one to survive but himself. He constantly demonstrates a primitive l ife-style that no longer exists. The primitive life-style he demonstrates is one of survival. Lewis is an attractive character for males because of his need for no one. He needs no one to life his life for him.

Two Restaurants

Food That Tastes Wonderful Is it Olive Garden’s friendly and hospitable service or is it the appetizing and blazing not entrees ll Foranio’s that reminds me of the Italian heritage? Before deciding which restaurant leaves my mouth watering for more, I compare and contrast between taste, service and cost must be considered. For me, choosing which restaurant to recommend to family members is as hard as cutting the perfect pink rose for a floral arrangement. The whole world would be a better place if you could choose a restaurant that always had food that tasted wonderful.At ll Fornaio’s, I feel like a chef in Italy has just prepared my meal. Their pasta melts in your mouth and is always accompanied by hearty and rich sauce. My eyes pop out of head when I see the delectable dessert tray. Then both carry a wide selection of freshly prepared desserts like creamy tiramisu. On the contrary, at Olive Garden, your dinner always comes with all you can eat salad and piping hot breadsticks. Yet, ll Fornaio’s you must order a salad separate from your entree.On the other hand, ll Fornaio’s offers its customers staple sourdough bread served with olive oil and balsamic vinegar spiced with herbs. Similarly, the salad at both restaurants are always fresh and is dressed with a tangy and light vinaigrette. In the same way, both restaurants offer their ravished customers a wide selection of beverages including sodas, teas and coffee to wet their whistles. Delicious, freshly prepared food is a must when I am spending a night out with friends or family. Service is something that I value highly when spending my hard earned money on a night out.The service at Olive Garden is a snail trying to win the mile run race. However, when I arrive at ll Fornaio’s I am seated almost immediately, whereas at Olive Garden, I have to sign a waiting list and they hand me a flashing disk. The servers at Olive Garden, in contrast, seem sometimes annoyed when I a sk for something like more water or an extra plate to share an item. Equally, both restaurants bring my meal in a timely manner. They both give me service with a smile like a sun shinning in the morning sky.Similarly, both places of business are more willing to trade my order if it is not to my satisfaction. If am not going to receive the service I deserve, I might as well walk right out of the establishment and not look back. Do you like throwing your money down the drain? If not, the maybe ll Fornaio’s is not the most cost effective restaurant for you. I often feel that money is flying out of my purse the minute I sit down at my table. On the other hand, ll Fornaio’s does offer more food for the price.An average bill at Olive Garden is about forty dollars, whereas at ll Fornaio’s the final bill can range from fifty to one hundred dollars based on your choice of entrees, appetizers, drinks and desserts. Unlike Fornaio’s, Olive Garden does offer specials on certain dishes at specific times of the year. In the same way, both restaurants offer drinks that are similar in price and that prices included refills. Also, Olive Garden and ll Fornaio’s both have appetizers that are around the same price for the same generous helping.Value is a huge factor in deciding which restaurant I would choose to refer a friend or family member. Yes, Olive Garden offers more food for the money, but the aroma and taste from ll Fornaio’s entrees are by far superior, not to mention the provide better service for the customer. Based on my evaluation of the two restaurants, I would have to choose ll Fornaio’s. Next time you are in the mood for true Italian cuisine, try Olive Garden and ll Fornaio’s, and then make the choice for yourself! ‘

My Parents Money essays

My Parents Money essays Towards the end of my high school education I had decided I wanted to go to college to become a Veterinarian, and specialize in Equine Sciences. Every detail was planned out; which college I would attend, my housing, a part-time job, and how much it was all going to cost. Both my parents and I were very excited, but there was just one problem. How was I going to pay for my education? I filled out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Even though my parents were divorced and I was living with my Mother, I was required to put both of their incomes on the application because my Father paid child support. I was seen as being dependant on both incomes. Due to the amount of my parents annual incomes, I was denied any financial aid. The report I received from the Federal Financial Aid Office stated that my parents were expected to pay for my education. Because of the divorce, the incomes were now divided between two homes and my parents were unable to help me with my financial needs for college. I investigated other options such as scholarships, jobs, and work programs. Every option came to a dead end, there just were not any resources available for such a privileged person, or so that is what I was being told. I understood my parents being unable to help me, I even understood how I could be seen as being privileged, but I could not understand how a country that preaches that the education of our youth is the future of our society, was telling me that I would not be getting any assistance. I think it is ridiculous that the Federal Government has decided, based solely upon income, which parents will be expected to contribute to the education of their children. It is after all the parents money, and they too have worked very hard to be where they want to be. Why should parents have to forfeit their lifestyle to put their children through college? At the age of eighteen, children are ...

The impact of technology on families and communities essays

The impact of technology on families and communities essays Discuss the impact of social, legal and technological change on individuals, groups, families and Communities As time moves on so does humanity and society we adapt and change as new knowledge and understanding is presented to us in different forms such as technologies, laws and social views all impacting on us within our homes and within our communities. Technology gets more and more advanced everyday its designed to entertain help and study humans it affects almost every aspect of the average persons life in one way or another wether that be machines in the work place the home computer or the knew technology that helps save lifes. Since the Industrial revolution which first occurred in Europe in the 1700s factories all around the world became involved with the new technology of the machine which in many ways replaced the manual human workers designed to help increase effiency and cost which has helped many companies consumers and workers and also buried some with jobs being replaced and people being put out of work which became increasingly the case with the introduction of computers with multiple task capabilities it could fill the job and effency of several workers. This effected society and communities drastically with unemployment levels soaring these levels decreased but the impact is still seen today with fewer jobs to go round. It hasnt all been negative though its also opened up paths for people who want to carry out a career with in technology such as IT workers etc and with a computer now in many homes schools and workplaces public understanding of technology has expanded and adapted to the changes with computers and machines being essential to run many business and carry out the day to day tasks we take for granted. Technology has also helped increase communication between nations, communities and individuals that once would not have been as easily accomplished; the internet has provided communicat...

Speed management proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Speed management proposal - Essay Example A general agreement that exists is that injuries on the roads increase because of speed and so objectives of safety and mobility can be conflicting. Globally, over speeding is one hell of a predicament to control in our roadways and is an immense contributor to most of the accidents witnessed both in rural and urban areas by traffic officials and residents. It is a belief by many individuals that eradication of speeding will save people’s lives by driving at a speed that is appropriate (Ioainnoou, 1997, pg 216). A road accident is considered related to over speeding if the driver is charged with an offense of over speeding. Additionally, if a traffic officer who is on the location indicates that the driver at some point was over speeding past the required speed limit when the accident occurred then it became over speeding-related. Road accidents related to over speeding have led to many deaths worldwide and, as a result, the community, and insurance firms have incurred excessi ve costs. Accidents or crash are more likely to happen the faster a driver drives and the higher the risk of getting injuries that are brutal and even loss of life. Accidents and speed relate to another due to a number of dependent factors. For instance, how severe the injury of the occupants of the vehicle involved in a crash is not only determined by the speed that resulted in the collision but also the difference in mass of the two involved vehicles.

Family and children's issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family and children's issues - Essay Example Some of the countries that had deemed spanking as illegal are Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and New Zealand to mention a few (Legal Reforms). Professional organizations also oppose to spanking as a way to discipline a child; one of these organizations is the American Psychological Association (Corporal Punishment). They argue that resorting to physical punishment would not discipline a child but would instead teach the child to instill authority by physical means. In some parts of these countries and organizations’ argument, it is agreeable that other people should not do the spanking because the parents are the only ones who should spank their children. However, this does not give parents freedom to hurt their child whenever the child makes a mistake. The psychological state and values of the parents are a big factor and should be greatly considered in this issue. The state and the organizations should have first considered teaching parents how to be responsible instead of instan tly prohibiting this way of disciplining a child. It can be stated then that guarding responsible parenthood should have been the first matter that these countries had looked into. Responsible parenthood should be also be approached first for further studies and development by these professional organizations since it is the behavior of the parents first that should be controlled. After all, the parents are the immediate adults the children interact with and not the people from the state or from the research

Running Header Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Running Header - Essay Example Language is the tool for expression of thought. This is the central idea whereby this paper is conceived, since we want to establish the role that language play in the process of thinking. My family have been blessed with opportunity and a particular fascination with travelling, my mother works for a magazine company and she writes articles about the places she visits while my father works for an executive corporation that practically has offices in almost all major cities in Asia. We do family trips every summer and this year we visited Shanghai, one of my memorable trips in the Far East. One of the things I immediately notice, the first day we arrived is that the city was "buzzing" with different kinds of noise. Their streets were as busy as the time square in New York, and most of the people drive bicycle to get them to their destination. I had difficulty going around town since most of them only speak their "native tongue" and there were few people who can converse in English. I had to cut my first day short and went back to our hotel to "catch some sleep". The next day was filled will "breathtaking" scenery from ancient China we visited temples and monasteries, a nd saw few artefacts and went insides old palaces with huge statues of ancient Important Chinese personality. It made me feel like I did "time travel", like I was in the time those dynasties and the emperors. I never thought I could relive and personally witness the evidence of ancient Chinese civilization, that I saw the things that were written only in the academic books I read in class. Now I understand what culture does to a country, I can now relate better to the lessons learn from the mistakes of the past. We returned home with rich memories of ancient China, I immediately framed all the still photos I took and hanged it in one corner of my room to constantly remind me of the knowledge I acquired during this trip. Language no matter how diverse and difficult and in spite of its diversity, play an important role in our critical thinking because it is the key to understanding, according to Philip Atkinson. "It is the expression of thought, an act of translating thoughts into words thereby refining understanding" (Atkinson. 2004). Language enables man to define the process of his thoughts and make sense of it. "Language is the 'software' that allows our brain to think the way it does, without language the cerebral cortex lies largely unused" (Kirby & Goodpaster. 1999). With advance technology and globalisation, language highlights the identification of a major medium of communication that is comprehensible to many, this will define the aims, goals and intention that the thought process wants to attain, it will clarify the subject matter to discuss and set aside the non-issues. Language can also be limiting in the sense that the capacity to ascribe a particular word to a meaning can sometimes be inadequate owing to the inability to completely convey the message it wants to convey (Chomsky. 2004). Language can also empower our thoughts in the sense that enables us to identify the very core of an idea, an

The Islam Controversy Essay Example for Free

The Islam Controversy Essay In the recent years, Islam has been closely associated with terrorist and violent actions, as well as lack of respect for women and their rights. There have been numerous ideas and beliefs about the Muslim faith and culture that are misconceived and misplaced. It is said the Muslims conquered everything by sword and fire- an idea that has built a belief that the Islamic faith and culture is rooted in terrorism and violence. On the other hand, there exist the true and ideal traits of the Islamic faith. These aspects are little known to most of the non-Muslim people; and the few who know them are more like brainwashed by the stereotypes about this culture and faith. Therefore, there is need to take a look at the things that have made Islam receive the perception it has today, and at the same time compare them with the ideal beliefs and pillars of the Muslim faith and culture. Having in mind that the population of Muslims has increased considerably with the past few years, it is vital to harmonize the perceptions non-Muslims have about Muslims with the true aspects of the Islamic faith. This can only be done by getting ample knowledge on both sides of the coin and getting real about them. It is a fact that Islam is a religion and culture characterized by unending controversy. The Muslim society on the other hand has come into light clarifying and justifying its stand in regard to the perceptions and stereotypes directed towards it.

Justice For Hawaiians Essay -- Equality Education Essays

Justice For Hawaiians The expression goes, "An eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth." With this said, would it be ethical if and only if each and every person was treated with the same amount of justices and injustices? This may be the case in a legal battle between the Kamehameha Schools and Brayden Mohica-Cummings. Kamehameha Schools, which gives "preference" to students of Native Hawaiian and part-Native Hawaiian ancestry, was forced to admit Mohica-Cummings, a non-Hawaiian, through a restraining order issued by U.S. District Judge David Ezra. Mohica-Cummings applied to Kamehameha without providing sufficient evidence of his Native Hawaiian ancestry; he was given the opportunity to attend Kamehameha because the school did not rescind it's admission offer early enough. The school, which is a part of a $6 billion trust, has not attempted to appeal Judge Ezra's decision but still awaits another court ruling on whether or not it's admission policy is legal and constitutional (court dates have been set for N ovember 17th and 18th). If the court's decision is in favor of Mohica-Cummings, it will mean much more than a non-Hawaiian attending an all-Hawaiian school. It will mean that Native Hawaiians will continue to be treated unjustly, as they have been for over 100 years. As a means to prevent similar cases, DNA testing may be a possible change made towards the admission process at Kamehameha. This testing will enable the school to determine a person's genetic connection to the Native Hawaiian race. Though this action also has its ethical issues it may be the only resort for Native Hawaiians to ensure that they are treated justly. There are two sides to every story, but people often do not take time to think about the stories t... ...ersity Press, 1969. "Legacy of a Princess." On-line. Internet. 16 Nov 2003. Available WWW:http://www.ksbe.edu/about/facts.pdf Loomis, Albertine. For Whom Are the Stars? Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1976. Nordyke, Eleanor C. The Peopling of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989. Ruth, Amy. â€Å"The Annexation of Paradise.† 21 Jan. 1999. On-line. Internet. 16 Nov 2003. Available WWW: http://www.wm.edu/wmnews/012199/hawaii.html Stannard, David E. Before the Horror. Honolulu: Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii, 1989. Waite, David. "Kamehameha Schools Told to Make Exception." 21 Aug. 2003. On-line. Internet. 16 Nov 2003. Available WWW: http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2003/Aug/21/ln/ln04a.html/?print=on Wood, Houston. Displacing Natives. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999.

Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company Essay

Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company for cutting operational expenses to increase profit margins; some ideas. As a business, Artemis can cut down the operational costs by down-sizing the labor force so the company can compete with other sportswear companies. There are two ways a company can down-size the labor costs, one of these is down-scaling the direct labor, and the other one would be to relocate the labor and obtain cheaper labor force. Reduce Employee Costs. Outsource any jobs where a full-time employee is not necessary. This will cut your payroll expenses, health-care costs and space requirements. Introduce a reward scheme for employees who do not take any sick days in a year or six-month period. The cost of the reward is minimal compared to the savings made by the company. Rather than pay overtime rates, try re-organizing the work rosters and routines to prevent the need for overtime. Offer staff incentives for reducing their personal days and sick leave taken. Hire college students or interns-Internship programs are a win-win for both sides. You get an ambitious employee who will do monotonous work and they get college credit, experience and hopefully, an excellent reference. Cutting everyday expenses can lower operational expenses. When purchasing office supplies, generic is going to be less expensive than brand name. Buying the store brand is generally sold at a lower cost. Buying supplies in bulk is cost effective over a long period of time. Leasing equipment is better than buying equipment. When leasing you have the opportunity to upgrade or downgrade when necessary. Technology is always changing and improving, so by leasing there is the option to stay current with the new changes in the equipment. Smaller equipment such as telephones, printers, fax machines and calculators should be purchased not leased. Smaller equipment will hold its value over time and can be easily replaced if needed. Try shopping for bargains or sales whenever possible. Company could go green by using products that produce less waste, or less energy. Curb your business travel — and cut costs where you can. Meeting with long-distance clients is costly and it can be expendable for some businesses, but travel can also be the most beneficial expense for a business. Fortunately, modern technology can replicate the experience at a much lower cost; such as communicating through Skype or some other form of video chat link. Cut out the landline and fax line — with Blackberry’s and iPhones, and everything compatible for email, who needs them? Conceder free advertising whenever possible, try piggybacking your advertising. Including advertising material in other mailings, such as in invoices, saves postage and other costs, says J. Donald Weinrauch, co-author of The Frugal Marketer. Likewise, make the most of your point-of-purchase opportunities by tucking coupons, newsletters or other promotional fliers in the bag with customers’ purchases. Hire independent contractors or temporary workers as needed. Outsource your payroll, benefits and HR. Consider a virtual assistant or answering service to reduce payroll. Some IT Department solutions, Process Automation allows a smaller management team to effectively handle a larger number of systems Intelligent Software Delivery allows companies to more accurately assess how many licenses they will need when purchasing software Endpoint Virtualization reduces downtime for application conflicts and provides a secure workspace when roaming Power Management Capabilities documents compliance with energy consumption policies and may provide rebates from local power companies Remote Diagnostic Tools reduces required IT travel time and travel budgets.

History of Pueblo Revolt Essay

â€Å"Every piece of written history starts when somebody becomes curious and asks questions.†[1] In Weber’s compilation he gathers several of these curious peoples works and binds their writings together to form a sort of continued discussion. Arguing from different sources and coming from different backgrounds, they indubitably arrive at different conclusions. From Garner to Gutià ©rrez and from Chà ¡vez to Knaut, they all are part of a continued dialogue on what that caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. By addressing the readings as a sum instead of individual accounts, one can gain a more detailed view. While some poke holes in others theories, most of the time, the writers simply offer different perspectives. The vast range of the arguments speak to the difficulty of the topic. Examining an event (or series of events, as the case may be) 300 years ago is an arduous task, but trying to determine causation of such events is even more cumbersome. Typically numerous factors exist and to give these factors any sort of rankings requires a fair bit of perspiration on the part of the researcher. This essay will attempt to evaluate this eclectic mix of commentaries to sift out the strong arguments from the weak. In 1598, when Juan de Oà ±ate arrived in northern New Mexico with a small group of colonists to Pueblo country, Spain demanded payment of tribute and the friars demanded allegiance of religion. For over 80 years Spanish lived with Pueblo before the revolt – multiple generations.[2] As Knaut points out, that as â€Å"colonists were isolated from the south in a land where indigenous inhabitants numbered in the tens of thousands†, meaning there was plenty of contact between the two groups.[3] Within that time families intermarried, and a large mestizo population arose, creating an intersection in the Venn diagram of early New Mexico. What Knaut argues in Acculturation and Miscegenation is not necessarily as hard as the others to prove who or what caused the revolt, but rather works in earnest to present what he sees as the creation of a mixed culture, with syncretism occurring on both sides. Perhaps in this essay more questions that answers are created†¦ why after 82 years of living together would the Pueblos revolt? Garner has a more direct answer to this question. He, unlike Knaut, does not spend as much time underlining the syncretism that occurs, but spends more time examining the relationship between Pueblo and Franciscan, and reigning in the perhaps unfair harshness of previous works in relation to the government. Garner believed that drought, famine and Apache raids caused the revolt, shedding the competing notions that religious incompatibility or having a suitable leader as primary causes.[4] The two arguments in the proceeding articles before Garner – that religion was the primary cause – fall flat from Garner’s lens. In one instance, he cites the friction between Father Isidro Ordonez and Governor Pedro de Peralta as a result of the governments unfair treatment of the Indian. Peralta eventually decides to have Ordonez arrested, but the colonists (or ecomenderos) proceed to abandon the governor.[5] Garner goes on that governors of early New Mexico are interpreted in a negative light primarily because â€Å"documents are strongly biased against them.†[6] He explains that the reason that these documents are so biased is because of the natural tension between the writers of these records, the Franciscans, and those whom they wrote about, the governors.[7] Garner continues to impress that the Franciscans were the friend to the Indian and foe to the governor. He cites Scholes who states, â€Å"the religious and economic motives of empire were anta gonistic if not essentially incompatible.† Having earlier established a different relationship structure than what was typically seen, (a shift from the Hispanic-Pueblo dichotomy to a more complex relationship of priest-Indian-mestizo-colonist-governor) Garner then moves on to the crux of the issue – the cause of the revolt. â€Å"The kind of peace that had been pervading New Mexico was contingent upon relative prosperity,† writes Garner. The Spanish had used their organizational skills to create surpluses in the Pueblo economy – but the famine of 1670 was so implacable it essentially collapsed the system. The drought of the 1660s – the precursor to the famine – was so severe it caused â€Å"Indians and Spanish alike to eat hides and straps,† as written by Fray Francisco de Ayeta in an account to the King. In the face of such an oppressive environment, Indians naturally began to question why Spanish controlled their food source. This, coupled with a new emphasis on nativism, turned up the heat and brought the already tense situation to a simmer. This movement towards nativism perhaps may have been a reaction to Indian culture sprouting up in both mestizo and Spanish life. Garner continues on this thread noting that Governor Lopez de Mendizabal was forced to â€Å"crack down on Pueblo religious and cultural activity.† While syncretism among the Pueblos was tolerable, among the Spanish it was viewed as inexcusable. These two factors were the foci of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.[8] In contrast, the setting that Bowden and Gutià ©rrez attempt to construct in their essays is a religious clash, one that, while not noticeable immediately, was exacerbated by the droughts and famine. After introducing the essay, Bowden then discusses the similarities of the Pueblo religion, and then highlights some of the missteps the Franciscans took in their interactions and, most of all, the conversion process. First they insisted that the Pueblos should learn Spanish, and â€Å"almost without exception,† failed to make any attempt to learn native language. Also, they instituted mandatory mass attendance for all Indians – but strangely not all Spaniards. On top of this, leaders who continued practicing the previous traditions were whipped or executed.[9] (27-28) Bowden raises a number of valid points – the Franciscans do not appear to be the same persons that protested against the injustices to the Pueblos by the Governor Peralta. Rather, they seem to be creators of an oppressive environment that was quite insensitive to the Pueblo people. However, if you note Bowden’s sources, he cites textbooks for his long diatribe. Garner, in contrast, relies heavier on topic specific articles written by respected names such as France V. Scholes and Jack D. Forbes. While Bowden’s sources are legitimate, he seems to be using information that is more generalized, and not as focused on the relevant issues. Gutià ©rrez points to â€Å"loss of authority† among the Franciscans as the central reason for the revolt.[10] He notes that this gradual loss of power began in 1640s. Because of the uncertainty and unease that followed, the Friars pushed for more drastic measure to balance out this loss of power – a crackdown on syncretism and an emphasis on martyrdom. But the connections that Gutià ©rrez makes are weak; he points to the loss of power in the 1640s, but does not cite any kind of example to support his point until 1655.[11] In addition, most of examples of this â€Å"loss of authority† do not come until the mid 1660s and the early 1670s in the midst of drought, quarreling among Spaniards and attacks by Athapascan raiders. And Gutià ©rrez’ examples of Franciscan brutality arise, interestingly enough, around the time that Garner points to heavy handed response by the Spanish to combat syncretism. Gutià ©rrez’ illustrations seem to support Garner’s idea of the Indians being â€Å"like children in a new world and entrapped in the struggle between the Franciscans and Hispanic community.†[12] Angà ©lico Chà ¡vez provides yet another take on the Pueblo Revolt. While Gutià ©rrez, Garner and Bowden all spend considerable time on relations, Chà ¡vez – as his title Pohà ©-yemo’s Representative and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 – puts much more emphasis on establishing a new leader as a primary cause of the Pueblo revolt. Chà ¡vez seems to avoid tackling the revolt squarely (like Knaut) partly because he devotes most of his time supporting his argument for Domingo Naranjo as the leader (arguably 21 of the 24 pages). Despite Chà ¡vez lengthy narrative supporting Domingo Naranjo, the black leader with yellow eyes, many scholars reject this notion, because it seems to runs counter to what most sources suggest. Historian Stefanie Beninato agrees that Naranjo was a leader, but â€Å"one of several† as â€Å"the concept of a single leader is not viable in the theocratic social structure of the Pueblo world.†[13] Garner too, while recognizing Popà © as instrumental, rejects the idea that he was a â€Å"unique Indian leader,† but rather he arose out of necessity, as opposed to the creation of necessity.[14] While, many critique Chà ¡vez’ uncommon interpretation, it reminds one to reexamine the mestizo and mulatto population in New Mexico. Naranjo, real or not, represents the truth that the black/white Pueblo/Hispanic definition was increasingly blurred in the years leading up to the revolt, and an entirely different culture had emerged. Pohà ©-yemo had multiple windows in to this culture of multiplicity. Garner’s essay seems to be built around the most logic because his essay points to lack of basic necessities as the true cause of the revolt. When there is enough food and prosperity people get along. When there is a shortage, it pushes groups to exceptional measures. Rarely has a revolt occurred without certain factors mitigating access to peoples’ basic needs. Garner also spends ample time with the battle itself, and provides plenty of evidence of to why it was a success; particularly because of the cultural coexistence with the Spanish. Garner is not without flaw – he fails to address certain issues, notably that of the presence of a larger mestizo culture. While he acknowledges it somewhat, he seems more preoccupied with the Franciscan-ecomedero versus government dynamic. This oversight, however excusable, provides good reason for holding onto multiple sources while dissecting historical events such as these. In the absence of primary documents, the importance of rigorous scholarship is especially crucial. To hold the works of these â€Å"curious† scholars together stresses the value for careful thought and due diligence.

Free Essays on Northern Renaissance Art

On February 28th I visited Chicago Art Institute, in order to find out more about the Northern Renaissance Art. One of many beautiful paintings, which interested me the most was â€Å"Virgin and Child† by Rogier van der Weyden, leading Netherlandish painter of the mid-15th century. His real name was Rogier de la Pasture and he was born in Tournai (1399-1464). He was a son of a master cutler. The artist received his training in Walloon province of Hainaut, influenced by the elegant Franco Flemish style. As a young man he was an apprentice in Robert Campin’s flourishing workshop. In 1432 he became an independent master, and in 1435 he moved to Brussels, where he was appointed official city painter. His style derives from the work of his two contemporaries, Jan van Eyck and Robert Campin. He used realism and dynamic language in his works, and he was called a master of Gothic art. The painting â€Å"Virgin and Child† was finished in 1460. The artist used oil on pan el. The most important benefit of using oils was that they have a slow-drying time, during which their colors do not change, allowing the artist to rework, correct, and even scrape off areas of paint. The painting portrays Virgin holding baby Christ. She is placed against velvet cloth of honor. Madonna looks very calm and beautiful. Her face is turned to the right, with eyes looking down at the baby. In her sad eyes there is a great amount of love and devotion for the baby Jesus. She holds Him in a very nurturing way. Mary is stylized as a tender and shy with sensitive nature of a mother. The Virgin looks sweet, but she is an exalted mother of Jesus Christ. The halo over her head gives her supernatural look. Also the robe makes her more as a deity. She holds the infant with long and strong fingers while He is playing with the clasp of a manuscript. Her torso portrayed in â€Å"S† shape is a characteristic of a High Gothic Style. The artist does not pay much attention to the spa... Free Essays on Northern Renaissance Art Free Essays on Northern Renaissance Art On February 28th I visited Chicago Art Institute, in order to find out more about the Northern Renaissance Art. One of many beautiful paintings, which interested me the most was â€Å"Virgin and Child† by Rogier van der Weyden, leading Netherlandish painter of the mid-15th century. His real name was Rogier de la Pasture and he was born in Tournai (1399-1464). He was a son of a master cutler. The artist received his training in Walloon province of Hainaut, influenced by the elegant Franco Flemish style. As a young man he was an apprentice in Robert Campin’s flourishing workshop. In 1432 he became an independent master, and in 1435 he moved to Brussels, where he was appointed official city painter. His style derives from the work of his two contemporaries, Jan van Eyck and Robert Campin. He used realism and dynamic language in his works, and he was called a master of Gothic art. The painting â€Å"Virgin and Child† was finished in 1460. The artist used oil on pan el. The most important benefit of using oils was that they have a slow-drying time, during which their colors do not change, allowing the artist to rework, correct, and even scrape off areas of paint. The painting portrays Virgin holding baby Christ. She is placed against velvet cloth of honor. Madonna looks very calm and beautiful. Her face is turned to the right, with eyes looking down at the baby. In her sad eyes there is a great amount of love and devotion for the baby Jesus. She holds Him in a very nurturing way. Mary is stylized as a tender and shy with sensitive nature of a mother. The Virgin looks sweet, but she is an exalted mother of Jesus Christ. The halo over her head gives her supernatural look. Also the robe makes her more as a deity. She holds the infant with long and strong fingers while He is playing with the clasp of a manuscript. Her torso portrayed in â€Å"S† shape is a characteristic of a High Gothic Style. The artist does not pay much attention to the spa...

The 12 SAT Grammar Rules You Must Know

The 12 SAT Grammar Rules You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT Writing and Language section is comprised of questions that test your knowledge of grammar and writing style. By learning the grammar rules that are tested on SAT Writing, you'll be preparing yourself to do exceptionally well on the Writing section, and you'll be one step closer to getting your target score. In this article, I'll explain the most important SAT grammar rules and provide related examples from the official practice tests. How to Use This Guide The SAT Writing and Language section tests you on a multitude of grammatical rules. Based on the content of the practice tests released by the College Board, many of these grammatical rules are likely to be tested on every SAT. In this guide, I’ll provide explanations and examples for the grammar rules that are tested most often on the SAT. In addition to the grammar questions, there are also writing style questions that make up a significant portion of the SAT Writing and Language section. You need to prepare for those questions, too. The information in this guide will be extremely beneficial to you, especially if you’re trying to get a middle score, starting your SAT Writing studying, or you’re reviewing the most important SAT grammar rules. If your target score is above a 700 for Writing and Reading, you should also thoroughly study the rules that are only rarely tested on the SAT. Because this new version ofSAT Writing is very similar to ACT English, I’m linking each rule to our corresponding ACT English article that provides more explanation of the rule, real test examples, and related rules that will help you do well on the SAT Writing section. The Grammar Rules You Must Know for SAT Writing Here are the 12 SAT grammar rules that you need to learn and understand before test day. #1: Select the Correct Word Based on the Context of the Given Sentence Word choice questions are common on the SAT. A word will be underlined, and based on the context, you have to select the best word to complete the sentence. These questions can be difficult because they require knowledge of vocabulary. There are two common types of word choice questions. Type #1: Homophones Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings. Here are some examples of homophones that have appeared on the practice SATs: fare/fair, cite/sight/site, then/than, there/their/they're, and its/it’s. You should know what each of these words means and how it's used. SAT Example The sentence is comparing the cafe to a fair. Based on the context, the word â€Å"fair,† which means an exhibition, usually with food and entertainment, is correct. There are multiple meanings of the word â€Å"fare,† but it often refers to the money you pay for transportation, as in â€Å"bus fare.† Clearly, the word â€Å"fare† doesn’t make sense in this context, so you can immediately eliminate answer choice C. Next, we need to determine if we should use â€Å"then† or â€Å"than.† You use the word â€Å"than† to make comparisons and â€Å"then† to refer to time. Because the sentence is comparing the cafe to a fair, the correct answer is B. Type #2: Related Words The second type of word choice error involves synonyms or related words. A word will be underlined and the answer choices will be related words. However, only one word will be correct given the context of the sentence. SAT Example For these types of questions, I like to quickly go through each choice to see which one makes the most sense given the context. Based on the context of this sentence, we’re looking for a word that indicates that the officials gave permission for the cat paintings to be made. The word â€Å"forced† sounds too strong in this context, and generally, you don’t â€Å"license† a painting to be made. The word â€Å"decreed,† which means to order or command, also seems too harsh given the context. The word â€Å"commissioned† can mean hiring an artist to create a work. It’s the only word that’s typically used with artwork, and it’s the most appropriate word for this sentence. The correct answer is B. It’s difficult to prepare for these questions because you don’t know the specific words that will appear on the SAT. However, I recommend using the word choice questions on the practice SATs to help you study. Also, try to identify the subtle differences in the meanings of the words in the answer choices to help select the best word to complete the sentence. #2: Use the Fewest Words Possible Typically, the shortest grammatically correct answer choice that expresses the same information as the original sentence will be the right answer. Shorter sentences are more concise and easier to understand. On the SAT, words or phrases may be unnecessarily added to a sentence. Here’s an example sentence with a redundancy error: Every year, Jane runs the Los Angeles Marathon annually. In this sentence, the word â€Å"annually† means that she runs the marathon every year. Because the sentence starts with â€Å"every year,† the word â€Å"annually† is unnecessary. It doesn’t add any new information to the sentence, and it should be eliminated. Here’s another example of a wordy sentence: George is a person who is angry in nature. This is a corrected version of the sentence: George is an angry person. The corrected sentence conveys the same information as the original but in a much more concise manner. Justin Jackson/Flickr SAT Example Answer choices A, B, and C are redundant. The phrase â€Å"and other countries† already implies that there are other items on the list. The correct answer is D. #3: Use the Correct Idiomatic Expression Idiom questions can be challenging because they don't conform to specific rules. You have to rely on your knowledge of specific phrases and standard English conventions to answer these questions correctly. In most idiom questions on the SAT, you'll be asked to determine which preposition to use in a given sentence. Check out this example sentence with a prepositional idiom error: Incorrect: After getting suspended, Herbert decided to focus at improving his behavior. Correct: After getting suspended, Herbert decided to focus on improving his behavior. There is no rule to learn to help identify this error, but the correct expression is "focus on." SAT Example The correct expression is â€Å"as a means of,† and the answer is B. Study the idiom questions from the practice SATs, and review my article on SAT idioms to prepare yourself. Enokson/Flickr #4: Keep Verb Tenses Consistent The general rule regarding verb consistency is that verbs should remain consistent in tense or form throughout a sentence. Here’s an example of a consistency error: Last week, Frank rented a car and drives to Las Vegas. The verb â€Å"drives† should be in the past tense. Not only should â€Å"drives† be consistent with the past tense â€Å"rented,† but also the phrase â€Å"Last week† indicates that this was something that happened in the past. This is the corrected version of the sentence: Last week, Frank rented a car and drove to Las Vegas. Also, on the SAT, the verb tenses of surrounding sentences can provide context clues for the proper tense to use in a given sentence to maintain consistency. Here’s another example of a consistency error: Trenton lives in a rural area. He enjoyed the peace and quiet. The shift from the present tense â€Å"lives† to the past tense â€Å"enjoyed† doesn’t make sense in context. Here is a corrected version of the sentence: Trenton lives in a rural area. He enjoys the peace and quiet. SAT Example In this sentence, the verbs â€Å"is† and â€Å"serves† indicate that the underlined verb should be in the present tense. Answer choices B and D are not present tense verbs. Answer choice A is wrong because the â€Å"it† is redundant. The correct answer is C. #5: Surround Non-Restrictive Clauses and Appositives With Commas The SAT tests a number of comma rules, and these are two that you need to know. Relative Clauses: Restrictive vs. Non-Restrictive Relative clauses are dependent clauses that describe a noun and start with a relative pronoun or adverb like â€Å"who,† â€Å"that,† â€Å"which,† or â€Å"where.† The basic rule is that restrictive clauses shouldn’t be surrounded by commas and non-restrictive clauses should be. What’s a Restrictive Clause? Restrictive clauses are necessary to the meaning of the sentence. You can’t take a restrictive clause out of a sentence without effectively changing the meaning of the sentence. Here’s an example: Students who read regularly are prepared for the SAT. If you remove the clause â€Å"who read regularly,† the meaning of the sentence would be substantially changed. You’d be left with â€Å"Students are prepared for the SAT.† Because you can’t remove the clause without changing the meaning of the sentence, this clause shouldn’t be surrounded by commas. What’s a Non-Restrictive Clause? A non-restrictive clause isn't essential to the meaning of the sentence. If you got rid of the clause, you'd have less information, but the overall meaning of the sentence would remain the same. Here's an example sentence with the non-restrictive clause underlined. Joe’s parents, who constantly call him, are very overprotective. The clause â€Å"who constantly call him† adds more information about Joe’s parents, but if it were removed, the meaning of the sentence would be the same. There would be less information about Joe’s parents, but they would still be described as overprotective. This is what the sentence looks like after removing the non-restrictive clause: Joe’s parents are very overprotective. What Is an Appositive? An appositive is a descriptive phrase that doesn't include a verb. Similar to a non-restrictive clause, an appositive can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Here's an example with the appositive underlined: Val, a Wisconsin native, loves fried cheese curds. If we get rid of the appositive, the sentence still has the same meaning: Val loves fried cheese curds. Fried cheese curds are rather delicious. Kirk K/flickr SAT Example In this sentence, â€Å"the centerpiece† is an appositive that adds more information about the mural. Because appositives must be surrounded by commas, there should be a comma after â€Å"centerpiece.† Immediately, we know that A and C are wrong. In answer choice D, the dash can be used like a comma, but you can’t separate a clause with a comma and a dash. There would have to be a dash after â€Å"mural† for answer choice D to be right. The correct answer is B. #6: Commas Can't Separate Two Complete Thoughts A comma splice is when two independent clauses, or complete thoughts, are separated by a comma, and comma splices create a grammatical error known as a run-on sentence. A run-on sentence occurs when two or more independent clauses aren't separated by the correct punctuation. Here’s an example of a comma splice: Ken likes Selena Gomez, she is his favorite singer. The clauses before and after the comma are complete thoughts that could stand alone as sentences. There are a few ways to correct a comma splice. You can put a conjunction after the comma: Ken likes Selena Gomez, and she is his favorite singer. Also, you can put a relative pronoun after the comma: Ken likes Selena Gomez, who is his favorite singer. Finally, you can use a semicolon to correctly separate two complete thoughts: Ken likes Selena Gomez; she is his favorite singer. Who doesn't like Selena Gomez? (Lunchbox LP/Flickr) SAT Example This is an example of a comma splice. The sentence up until â€Å"legs† is a complete thought that could stand alone as a sentence, and the rest of the sentence starting with â€Å"they† is also a complete thought. Both A and B are comma splices. Answer choice D is wrong because a conjunction is needed to connect â€Å"are characterized† and â€Å"are covered.† The correct answer is C. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! #7: Semicolons Separate Two Complete Thoughts Semicolons function like periods; they separate two independent clauses. You should be able to replace semicolons with periods. On the SAT, you may find a randomly placed semicolon, or you may need to replace a comma with a semicolon to fix a comma splice. Here are example sentences with semicolons used correctly and incorrectly: Incorrect: Because Teresa wanted to please her family; she became a doctor. Correct: Teresa wanted to please her family; she became a doctor. The second sentence is correct because the clauses on both sides of the semicolon are independent and could stand alone as sentences. SAT Example The clause before the semicolon is not a complete thought; therefore, the semicolon is being used incorrectly. Answer choice C unnecessarily adds â€Å"and,† and answer choice B is wrong because it places a colon after a dependent clause. The correct answer is D. #8: A Colon Must Come After an Independent Clause Colons are usually used to introduce lists or explanations. The key rule for colons is that they must come after a complete sentence. If you end the sentence where the colon is placed, the sentence should make sense and be a complete thought. Incorrect: Meena enjoys multiple genres of music like: alternative, rap, heavy metal, and country. Correct: Meena enjoys multiple genres of music: alternative, rap, heavy metal, and country. The first sentence is incorrect because the part of the sentence that comes before the colon isn’t a complete thought. SAT Example Becausethe clause before the colon is a complete thought and it's setting up a list, the colon is being used correctly. The types of people listed after the colon are the narrator's colleagues. Because "colleagues" isn't part of the list, you can't substitute the colon for a comma. Also, you can't use a semicolon in place of the colon because there isn't a complete thought after the punctuation. The correct answer is A. Colons do more than just form an essential part of the happy face emoji. #9: Use Apostrophes Correctly to Form Possessives The SAT tests you on how to use apostrophes to correctly form possessives. Luckily, the rules for forming possessives are pretty straightforward.If the word is singular or plural but doesn’t end in â€Å"s,† then you add an â€Å"s† after the apostrophe to form a possessive. Here are a couple of examples: I shall be paying a visit to the men’s restroom. My computer’s monitor is rather dirty. To create a possessive for a plural word that does end in â€Å"s,† just add an apostrophe after the â€Å"s.† Check it out: Juan thinks his parents’ rules are too strict. Also, only use apostrophes for possessives or contractions. Contractions are formed when you combine two words. Examples include it’s (it is), don’t (do not), and isn’t (is not).Don’t use apostrophes to create plural nouns. SAT Example Because the body is is being discussed in general terms, we should use the singular possessive in this sentence; the sentence is referring to the biological clocks of the body. We can immediately get rid of A because â€Å"bodies† is a plural noun; it’s not in the possessive form. Also, answer choice B is wrong because bodies’ is the plural possessive form. Additionally, there shouldn’t be an apostrophe after the â€Å"s† in â€Å"clocks.† Don’t use apostrophes to form plural nouns; only use apostrophes for possessives and contractions. Similarly, answer choice D is wrong because of the apostrophe before the â€Å"s† in clocks; the correct answer is C. #10: Subjects and Verbs Must Agree Subjects and verbs must agree, meaning that you must use the singular form of a verb with a singular subject and the plural form of a verb with a plural subject.Here’s an example: Incorrect: High school students loves learning grammar rules. Correct: High school students love learning grammar rules. If the verb is in the present tense and the subject is in the third person (he/she/it/they), the verb usually ends in â€Å"s† in the singular form and doesn’t in the plural form. In the example sentence, the subject is â€Å"students,† which is plural; therefore the verb should be in the plural form. On the SAT, subject verb agreement questions can be more difficult because there may be a phrase separating the subject from the verb. Check out this example: Incorrect: The members of the committee meets every Tuesday. Correct: The members of the committee meet every Tuesday. The subject of the sentence is â€Å"members,† which is plural. Therefore, the verb should be in the plural form. The prepositional phrase â€Å"of the committee† separates the subject from the verb. If a verb is underlined on the SAT, make sure that you identify the subject that corresponds with that verb to ensure that the subject and verb agree. Also, keep in mind that a subject can never be part of a prepositional phrase. SAT Example To determine if there’s a subject verb agreement error, we have to identify the subject that corresponds with the verb â€Å"portrays.† What portrays animals? The works of art do. The phrase in between the commas separates the subject from the verb. The subject is plural because â€Å"works† is plural and â€Å"of art† is a prepositional phrase. The plural form of â€Å"portrays† is â€Å"portray,† and the correct answer is C. Answer choices B and D are not plural verbs; â€Å"portraying† is a gerund that would create a fragment, and â€Å"has portrayed† is the singular form of the present perfect tense. #11: Modifiers Must Be Next to What They're Modifying The general rule regarding modifiers is that they must be next to what they’re modifying.The most common type of modifier error on the SAT is a dangling modifier.When a sentence begins with a modifying phrase, the introductory phrase must be immediately followed by a comma and then the noun the phrase is describing. Here’s an example of a dangling modifier: A determined writer, Jessica’s goal is to get her first novel published this year. The way the sentence is written makes it seem like Jessica’s goal is a determined writer. There are a couple of ways to fix the sentence. You can place the noun that is being modified right after the comma: A determined writer, Jessica has a goal of getting her first novel published this year. Or you can place the subject in the introductory phrase: Because Jessica is a determined writer, her goal is to get her first novel published this year. SAT Example This sentence makes it seem like the visitor was dotted with pin-sized knobs. Logically, the sentence should indicate that the drawers were dotted with pin-sized knobs. Similarly, answer choices B and C are misplaced modifiers that infer that the there was a visitor dotted with knobs. The correct answer is D. #12: Pronouns Must Agree With Their Antecedents in Number This rule means that a plural pronoun must refer to a plural noun and a singular pronoun must refer to a singular noun.Here's an example of a pronoun number agreement error: Kristin sold their car. The pronoun â€Å"their† is referring to the car of Kristin. Because Kristin is one person and â€Å"their† is a plural pronoun, this sentence has a pronoun agreement error. This is the corrected version: Kristin sold her car. SAT Example It’s easy to make a careless mistake on this question because you may see the singular pronoun â€Å"it† and assumed the underlined pronoun should be singular as well. However, the pronouns have different antecedents. The word â€Å"it† refers to 1-MCP, which is singular, and â€Å"their† refers to apples, which is plural. The possessive pronoun agrees with the antecedent, and there’s no error. Answer choice A is correct. Answer choice C is a singular possessive pronoun, D is the contraction of â€Å"it is,† and B is a homophone of the correct answer, but it’s the wrong word. Other SAT Writing Grammar Rules While the rules I explained are the most often tested on SAT Writing, there are some other grammar rules that will be tested. Here are links to other articles that explain the remaining grammatical rules you need to know for the SAT. These are articles for ACT English, but again, because the two sections are so similar, you can use these articles to prepare: Punctuation Everything You Need to Know About Commas Relative Pronouns Pronoun Case Run-ons and Fragments Parallelism What's Next? In addition to the grammar questions on SAT Writing, you need to know how to correctly answer style questions. Learn about add and delete, transitions, and macro logic. Also, because ACT English and SAT Writing are very similar, make sure to read this article about whether to take the ACT or the SAT. Finally, as you're preparing for the SAT, learn the pros and cons of different test prep methods. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. 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