Jung and the Use of Psychedelics Essay Example for Free

Jung and the Use of Psychedelics EssayCarl Jung had many theories of the unconscious thought, and appargonntly had the personal contentedness for very lucid dreams along with exceptionally undimmed visions. In the fall of 1913, Jung dreamed of a monstrous flood that engulfed most of Europe he saw people drowning and civilization crumbling. Because of his extremely vivid visions, he worried at clock times that he might be experiencing a psychotic break. (Boeree p. 1). Jung identifies the ego with the conscious mind, and the personal unconscious with anything which is not presently conscious, scarce could be. The use of lysergic acid diethylamide apparently increases the ego, or the conscious mind, and brings the personal unconscious either closer to the surface, or completely out into the sunlight. It is well-documented that the therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide can accomplish in a relatively short amount of time what years and years of psychotherapy slightlytim es cannot. Inhibitions are released and the unconscious mind delivers up its issues in order to enable the patient to deal with them, leading ultimately to recoery. As it relates to Jungian theory, the lysergic acid diethylamide experience can have no simple explanations and parallels.The effects of LSD on the human mind are far from standard, tho rather the result of a complex interaction of the drug, the mental and physical environment, the personality structure of the subject and therapist, and the set or expectancy as to what the drug would do. (Terrill p. 1). In other words, there is no typical LSD drug experience, but it is rather wholly dependent on the persons own unique personality, physical environment and what the person is expecting from the drug experience. In terms of mood, there are a wide range of reactions, from feelings of euphoria, increase in anxiety, and a general intensity of feelings.Many subjects show an increased cite with immediate events and a lack of concern active past and future. (Terrill p. 2). Most subjects seem to have an increased sensitivity regarding their interactions with others, and hallucinatory effects are preferably common, especially those involving the senses. The external world becomes unstable, receding and approaching, flowing and vibrating. (Terrill p. 2). Of course the dosage of the LSD drug is a factor as well. In general when therapists are working with small doses, the results are only to heighten suggestibility and allow the emergence of the unconscious materials. (Eigen p. 2). These small doses could continue for months or years. A massive dose of LSD (750-1500mcgis given with the goal of achieving therapeutic results in one overwhelming session, and can be compared somewhat to a religious conversion. This type of treatment has been used with some success for alcoholics or those with severe psychotic problems. More typical is a moderate dose of LSD, used in such conditions such as savage psychopathy , sexual deviations, depressive states, phobias, and compulsive syndromes. This moderate dosage has also been used with autistic children to enable them to become more responsive.(Masters p. 3). The shadow in Jungian theory is the unconsolable side of the ego, and all the evil that human beings are capable is stored there although the shadow is amoralneither good nor bad, rather more like animals. (Boeree p. 6). Animals do not consciously decide to do something based on whether it is good or bad, they just act on instinct and react to the situation at hand. Everything in us that is unconscious, repressed, undeveloped or denied becomes our shadow, and until we confront our own shadow, we cannot truly have self-awareness.(Boeree p. 8). In typical psychotherapy a persons shortcomings are brought out, but not so much his assets. Therefore, his shadows are brought into the light, but the missing link is that the good parts of his personality are disregarded. Because LSD causes an inflat ion of ego, it can be an effective antidote for low self-esteem. (Savage p. 4). While LSD allows the person to face his shortcomings and bring out his shadows just like typical psychotherapy, at the same time he can experience some of the wealth and reservoirs which lie within him. (Savage p. 4). A complex is a pattern of suppressed thoughts and feelings that cluster around a theme provided by some archetype. (Boeree p. 8). As an example, if you pretend all your spirit that you are only good and dont even have the capacity to lie, cheat or steal, then all those times when you do good, the other side of you goes into a complex around the shadow. That complex begins to develop a life of its own and it will haunt you. (Boeree p. 8). There are many related instances of LSD bringing these complexes to the surface quickly.Interestingly, in a book about one womans LSD treatment, the woman described her results this way I found that in addition to being, consciously, a loving mother and a respectable citizen, I was also, unconsciously a murderess, a pervert, a cannibal, a sadist and a masochist. (Grinspoon p. 3). The woman went on to say that at the end of nine sessions, over a period of nine weeks, she had essentially faced her demons and in the process had lost her fear of dentists, the tensions in her body and her dislike of clocks ticking.In this particular(a) case, LSD therapy helped this woman to face her own shadows and complexes and deal with them. In Breaking Open the Head, Daniel Pinchbeck takes us along for his own spiritual journey through and through the use of psychedelics. He details amazingly vivid dreams and visions, and while cautioning about the over usage of LSD and other psychotropic drugs, he states that, We need the fortitude to confront what lies behind the openings of our own minds. (Pinchbeck p. 7).

Crohns Contribution To Physiology Nursing Essay

Crohns Contri b arelyion To Physiology Nursing EssayCrohns illness is a kind of lifestyle indisposition. Crohns disease is withal known as component partal enterities. It is a case of subversive bowel disease. Crohns disease is different with ulcerative colitis which is other usual type of insurgent bowel disease.The differences amid the dickens illness is the area that furbish uped in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Crohns disease affects the end of fiddling bowel (the ileum) and the beginning of the colon, but it may affect any crack of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the end of the rectum.Diagram 1 Regions that are alter byulcerative colitis and Crohns disease in that respect are 700,000 Ameri cigarets may affected Crohns disease. Crohns disease is a disease which can be associated with genetic inheritance which runs in some families. If there is anyone of your relatives turn in this disease, your family members will get to a signific antly increased in chance of getting Crohns disease.The risk of developing this disease will increase when your parents set out inflammatory bowel disease. Related members of the family of the affected individuals will be at higher risk. The percentage of getting Crohns for males and females are 50% respectively. The ratio of getting this disease for smokers and non- smokers is two to one. This disease can overhaul at any age but it is more preva alter among teenagers and immature adults. The range of the age is between 15 and 35.The diminutive get of Crohns disease is unknown. Crohns disease is more common in developed countries. It is an autoimmune disorder which is a condition that occurs when the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys respectable body tissue. In short, the body over-reacts to normal bacteria in the intestines. Immunological and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals are the causes of the disease. The interaction between envir onmental is one of the cause of the Crohns disease. Crohns disease has traditionally been described as an autoimmune disease, but recent investigators have described it as an immune deficiency disk operating system.Diagram1- dissemination of Crohns Disease in the intestinal tractCrohns disease can be categorized by the specific tract region affected. 50 % of the Illeocolic Crohns will occur in both the ileum and the large intestine. 30% of the Crohns ileitis will occur on illeum only, while the Crohns colitis, that manifest the large intestine, accounts for the remaining 20%.Diagram 2 touch region by Crohns diseaseCrohns disease can be categorized by the behaviour of disease as it progresses. at that place are three categories of diseasee introduction in Crohns disease they are stricturing, penetrating and inflammatory. Stricturing disease causes narrowing of the bowel that may lead to bowel obstruction or changes in the calliber of the pot. Penetrating disease creates insane passageways between bowel and other structures, such as the skin. Inflammation disease causes inflammation without causing strictures or fistule.Crohns disease is a kind of degenerative disease. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the bodys immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens. The patient will bring throughout the period that the disease flares up and causes a lot of symptoms. During this period, the patient may not be aware of the symptoms at all. Crohns disease affects any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.Diagram Gastrointestinal Tract in which Crohns Disease affects Gastrointestinal Tract in which Crohns Disease affectsThe primarily symptom of Crohns disease are nuisance in abdomen that often accompanied by diarrhoea which may or may be bloody especially for those who have had surgery. The nature of the looseness in the disease depends on the part of the petite intestine or colon involved. Ileitis typ ically results in large-volume and watery faeces while the colitis may result in a smaller volume of faeces but with high frequency. The faecal consistency can be range from solid state to watery. there are several cases which the patients have more than 20 bowel movements per day at any time. We can see the bleeding n the faeces in Crohns colitis.Bloody bowel movements are continuous and it can be in bright or dark red in colour. Flatulence and bloating will cause more the intestinal discomfort.Fever, vomiting, join pain, weight loss, skin problems and bleeding from the rectum may ocurred also and cause a person malnutrition. It may also cause the complications right(prenominal) the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, anemia, fistula, inflammation of the eye, tiredness, and lack of concentration. Constipation may occur also. Children who have this disease may have emergence problems.SymptomsCrohns diseaseDefecationOften porridge- like, sometime steatorrheaTene smusLess commonFeverCommonFistulaeCommonWeight lossOftenTable 1 The common symptoms in Crohns diseaseIn Crohn disease the maximum damage to the intestine occurs beneath the mucosa, and lymphoid conglomerations, known as granulomata, are formed in the submucosa. In addition, Crohn disease attacks the perianal tissues more often than does ulcerative colitis. Crohn disease is diagnosed by a combination of methods, including blood and stool analysis and colonoscopy. Diagnosis may be confirmed by other methods, such as barium enema, which uses X-rays to examine the intestine following rectal insertion of a liquid barium business agent, and capsule endoscopy, which examines the intestines via a pill-sized video camera that is swallowed by the patient and transmits images to sensors attached to the patients body as it passes through the digestive tract.The effect of the Crohns disease can be problematic during pregnancy. This is because some medications can cause undesirable outcome to t he foetus or mother.Certain medication will get over the production of sperms or may affect mans ability to conceive. Preventive measures are taken through consultation with obstetrician and gastroenterologist.Crohns disease can be diagnosed through stool tests, blood tests, biopsy, sigmoidoscopy (used to wonder the lower bowel), colonoscopy, endoscopy, atomic number 56 enema X-ray, Barium meal X-ray and CT scans. X-ray pictures of the abdomen then show the inside of the bowel more clearly. Barium appears white on X-rays. Although there are so many tests, none of them require a general anesthetic. They are generally carried out as out-patient procedures so the patient does not need to stay in hospital overnight.ScientistCrohns disease was first described by Burrill Bernard Crohn, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer in 1932, but it was not clinically, histologically, or radiographically identify from ulcerative colitis until 1959.Diagram Dr. Burrill Bernard CrohnDiagram Dr Leon Ginzburg.The history of the scientistBurrill Bernard Crohn (June 13, 1884 July 29, 1983) was an American gastroenterologist and was the first to describe the disease for which he is known, Crohns disease. His Institutions is background Sinai Hospital in cutting York. He studied at the College of Physicians Surgeons, Columbia University in year 1908.In 1932, Dr. Crohn and two colleagues, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer, published an important paper describing the then-relatively unknown condition. Their seminal paper, Terminal Ileitis A impudently clinical entity, documenting fourteen cases. The name of the disease was changed to Regional ileitis on publication.At the time that he and his colleagues described the disease, Dr. Crohn had a private practice in overbold York City and ordinarily admitted his patients for diagnosis and treatment to the Mount Sinai Hospital. At Mount Sinai he worked with the neurologist Bernard Sachs from 1858 to 1944. He also spent time working with Dr. Jesse Shapiro, another medical doctor was very(prenominal) involved with Crohns re appear. As Dr. Shapiro had been diagnosed with Crohns himself, he had a born devotion to remediation the disease. At Mount Sinai Hospital, Dr. Crohn built a very large and successful practice for patients with granulomatous enterocolitis and eventually was made the first chief of the department of gastroenterology. He was highly respected throughout the remainder of his overlord career and received numerous patients from all over the USA, as well as from abroad.Crohn practiced medical specialty until he was 90, splitting time in his later(prenominal) years between the Upper East Side of Manhattan and at his country home in New Milford, Connecticut, where he met his second wife, Rose Elbogen Crohn, whom he wed in 1947. The Burrill B. Crohn seek Foundation was established at Mount Sinai in 1983 with initial funding from Rose Crohn and later his daughter, Ruth Crohn Di ckler.The discoveryThe first comment of the Crohns disease was earlier made by the Italian physician Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771) in 1769, when he diagnosed a young man with a chronic, debilitating illness and play. sequent cases were reported in 1898 by John Berg and by Polish surgeon Antoni Lesniowski in 1904. In 1913, Scottish physician T. Kennedy Dalziel, at the meeting of the British Medical Association, described nine cases in which the patients suffered from intestinal obstruction. On close examination of the inflamed bowel, the transmural inflammation that is characteristic of the disease was clearly evident. Abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhea and weight loss were observed in most patients, particularly young adults, in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1923, surgeons at the Mt Sinai Hospital in New York identified 12 patients with similar symptoms. In 1930, Dr Burrill Bernard Crohn pointed out similar findings in two patients whom he was treating.Crohns contribution to phy siologySome of Crohns initial research into the causes of the disease was refer on his personal conviction that it was caused by the same pathogen, a bacterium called Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP), responsible for the similar condition that afflicts cattle, that is Johnes disease. However, he was unable to isolate the pathogen-most plausibly because M. paratuberculosis sheds its cellular wall in humans and takes the form of a spheroplast, making it virtually undetectable under an optical microscope. This theory has resurfaced in recent years, and has been lent more credence with the arrival of more sophisticated methods to identify the MAP bacteria.ResearchDoctors and scientists are conducting Crohns disease research that known as clinical trials. Research studies are designed to answer important questions and to determine whether new approaches to treating Crohns disease are safe and effective. This research has already led to many advances, and researchers continue to sea rch for more effective methods for dealing with Crohns disease.Crohns Allogeneic Transplant Studys investigation team of Seattle is undergoing the Phase II clinical trial to cure it. Transplanting of bone marrow is involved. The endeavor of this phase is curing effectively patients who have this disease, Crohns disease.The Phase II research, the doctors will give the best medical and surgical treatments to the patients with Crohns disease who is going to undergo the organ transplant so that they are healthy enough. The transplant procedure starts with chemotherapy and a small dose of radiation so that the patients immune system is weak and can guide the bone marrow calls from other.After receiving other persons bone marrow cells, immune suppressive medicines are given to prevent the new cells from being rejected and to reverse those cells from damaging the patient. The new immune system will start growing and the blood counts will rise afterward the new donor cells start workin g. There is a risk of infection during this time so antibiotics and anti- viral drugs are given to prevent the infection.After the new donor cells are well-established, the immune suppressive medicines will be stopped. Doctors will examine parts of the intestine that were inflamed before the start of the transplant procedure to make sure the Crohns Disease has disappeared after the transplant. Patients will be formally evaluated for Crohns activity at around 100 days after transplant, and yearly after that for 5 years.The effect of Crohns disease in intestineCrohns disease can cause several mechanical complications within the intestines, including obstruction, fistulae, and abscesses. Obstruction typically occurs from structures or adhesions that narrow the lumen, blocking the passage of the intestinal contents. Fistulae (an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect) can develop between two loops of bowel, between t he bowel and bladder, between the bowel and vagina, and between the bowel and skin. Abscesses are collections of infections, which may occur in the abdomen or in the perianal area in Crohns disease sufferers. Ileovesical fistulae are the most common cause in Crohns disease. Crohns disease involves in the small bowel that will cause higher risk for small intestinal cancer. People with Crohns colitis will have a relative risk of 5.6 for developing colon cancer.Diagram Endoscopy image of colon present serpiginous ulcer, a classic finding in Crohns diseasePathophysiologyDuring a colonoscopy, biopsies of the colon are often taken to confirm the diagnosis. Certain characteristic features of the pathology seen point toward Crohns disease it shows a transmural pattern of inflammation, meaning the inflammation may span the entire depth of the intestinal wall. Ulceration is an outcome seen in highly active disease. There is usually an abrupt transition between unaffected tissue and the ulce r a characteristic sign known as skip lesions. Under a microscope, biopsies of the affected colon may show mucosal inflammation, characterized by focal infiltration of neutrophils, a type of inflammatory cell, into the epithelium. This typically occurs in the area overlying lymphoid aggregates. These neutrophils, along with mononuclear cells, may infiltrate the crypts, leading to inflammation (crypititis) or abscess (crypt abscess). Granulomas, aggregates of macrophage derivatives known as giant cells, are found in 50% of cases and are most specific for Crohns disease. The granulomas of Crohns disease do not show caseation, a cheese-like appearance on microscopic examination characteristic of granulomas associated with infections, such as tuberculosis. Biopsies may also show chronic mucosal damage, as evidenced by blunting of the intestinal villi, atypical branching of the crypts, and a change in the tissue type (metaplasia). One example of such metaplasia, Paneth cell metaplasia, involves development of Paneth cells (typically found in the small intestine) in other parts of the gastrointestinal system.Diagram Section of colectomy showing transmural inflammationPreventionCrohns disease cannot be prevented, because the cause is unknown. But you can take steps to reduce the severity of the disease. First, take medicines regularly can reduce sudden attacks and keep the disease in cave in.Second, do not smoke. Smoking will increase the disease. Third, never use antibiotics unlesss the doctor prescribed for you. Eating small meals can help with a low appetite too. getting a healthy diet, regular exercise and enough of sleep also can help to reduce the symptoms. By controlling the symptoms, we should follow the low dietary fiber diet especially the fibrous foods that cause symptoms.TreatmentThere is no cure for the Crohns disease because Crohns disease is unpredictable but there may have treatment options that can make sufferers to minimise the effects of the co ndition on their lives. If the remission is achieved, the relapse can be prevented and the symptoms can be controlled. A person needs to receive the treatment when the symptoms are active. Crohns disease cannot cure by surgery. There are three main goals for the treatment of Crohns disease. There are the achieving remission that relieve symptoms, maintaining remission that prevent symptom flare- ups and improving the quality of life.The main treatment for Crohns disease is to take medicine so that can stop the inflammation that occurred in the intestine. Medicine can prevent the flare- ups and keep you in remission. These treatments are ongoing treatment that the doctor will want to see the patient about each half year. If your condition will flare- ups, you may have lab tests every 2- 3 months. People who have serious complications may require a stronger medicineThe doctor will give the patients the traditional first-line at the beginning of the treatment. If the patients are gett ing worse, the doctor will change or add the medicines. Antidiarrheal medicine which will slows or stops the painful spams in intestines that cause symptoms can be respond for the mild symptoms. Aminosalicylates, antibiotics, cortisoteroids, Biologics and the medicine that suppress the immune system are the types of medicine that the doctor will give to the mild to moderate symptoms. Lastly, the concentrated symptoms may be treated with corticosteroids given through a vein. The first step is to control the disease. After the symptoms are gone, the doctor will change the medicine that listed above so that the symptoms are in remission.ConclusionCrohns disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which will affected ours gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Patients who have this disease cant able to notice at all. Crohns disease is a disease which can be associated with genetic inheritance which runs in some families. Teenagers and young adults whose age is between 15 35 will be e asilly to get this disease. There are three types of Crohns disease that is Crohns colitis, Crohns ileitis and Crohns Illeocolic which will affected different region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.Crohns disease is an autoimmune disorder. Crohns disease is a chronic disease which the bodys immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens. The patient will suffer throughout the period that the disease flares up and causes a lot of symptoms. The primarily symptom of Crohns disease are pain in abdomen that often accompanied by diarrhoea. Constipation, fever, vomiting, join pain, weight loss, skin problems and bleeding from the rectum may ocurred also and cause a person malnutrition. Crohns disease may cause the patient to get colon cancer too.Burrill Bernard Crohn and two of his colleagues, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer described this disease in New York City and usually admitted his patients for diagnosis and treatment to the Mount Sinai Hospital in 1932. Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn practiced medicine until he was 90.Crohns disease cannot be prevented, because the cause is unknown and it is a genetic association disease so we have to change our bad lifestyle. We can change certain lifestyle like dietary adjustments, elemental diet, proper hydration, and smoking cessation will reduce the symptoms. Getting enough sleep is important too.Doctors and scientists are conducting Crohns disease research that known as clinical trials. Crohns Allogeneic Transplant Studys investigation team of Seattle is still undergoing the Phase II clinical trial to cure it by the bone marrow transplantation.There is still no cure for Crohns disease because Crohns disease is unpredictable. The doctors goal is to control inflammation, compensate nutritional problems, and relieve symptoms. Doctors will give the patients medicine so that can stop the inflammation that occurred in the intestine. Medicine can prevent the flare- ups and keep you in remission. Sometimes, surgery is needed too.Crohns disease may cause us die if we didnt get the accurate treatment. For those who have this disease have to change those bad lifestyle. There have treatment options that can make sufferers to minimise the effects of the condition on their lives.

Barriers to Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Barriers to Verbal and Non communicative CommunicationCommunication is a process and has some(prenominal) aspects to it. Communication is a dynamic process by which study is shargond between individuals (Sheldon 2005). This process requires three components (Linear model Appendix figure 1.1), the sender, the receiver and the message (Alder 2003). Communication would non be possible if any of these components are absent. p fate of ground Peate (2006) has suggested that converse is done ein truth day through a linear process, Spo mathematical function (2008) argues that it is not so simple and does not follow such a linear process. He explains that due to messages being sent at the same period through verbal and non- verbal avenues, it is expected the receiver is able to take in the way this is communicated.Effective talk needs knowledge of legal verbal and non-verbal converse techniques and the possible barriers that may affect devout dialogue. The Nursing and Midwifery c ouncil (2008) states that a curb has powerful communion skills before they can register as its seen as an congenital part of a contains delivery of sustainment. (WAG 2003)Reflecting on intercourse in practice will also enforce the theory behind communication and allow a hold to look at bad and good communication in different situations. This will then enforce the physical exertion of good communication techniques in a variety of situations allowing for a more interpersonal and remedial take hold patient role relationship.This assignment discusses health care communication and wherefore it is important in nursing byExploring verbal and non-verbal communication and possible barriersBy exploring the fundamentals of care set out by the Welsh assembly and the nurse and midwifery councils code of conduct a kick downstairs regarding of the grandeur of communication is gained.Reflecting in practice employ a scenario from a community posting.VERBAL COMMUNICATIONVerbal communi cation comes in the form of spoken vocabulary it can be formal or informal in its delivery. Verbal Language is one of the main ways in which we communicate and is a good way to gather information through a question (an integral part of communication) and answer process (Berry 2007 Hawkins and Power 1999). Therefore verbal communication in nursing should be seen as a primary process and a powerful tool in the assessment of a patient.There are two main types of questioning, open-ended questions or closed questions (Stevenson 2004). uncovered-ended questions tend to warrant more than a one word reaction and generally starting line with what, who, where, when, why and how. It invites the patient to talk more around their condition and how they may be odour and provoke a more detailed assessment to be obtained (Stevenson 2004). The use open-ended questions make the patient feel they have the attention of the nurse and they are being listened too (Grover 2005). It allows for a psycho logical focus to be stipulation, this feeling of interest in all aspects of the patients care allows for a therapeutic relationship to develop (Dougherty 2008).Closed questions looks for very specific information intimately the patient (Dougherty 2008). They are very good at ascertaining factual information in a short space of time (Baillie 2005).There are two types of closed questions the cerebrate and the multiple choice questions. Foc utilize questions tend to acquire information about a particular clinical situation (e.g. asking a patient who is been positive(p) Ibuprofen, are you asthmatic?) whereas multiple choice questions tend to be more based on the nurses viewing of the condition being assessed. It can be used as a tool to second the patient describe for example the pain they feel e.g. is the pain dull, sharp, throbbing etc (Stevenson 2004).For verbal communication to be progenyive, good listening skills are essential. Sharing information, concerns and feelings be comes difficult, if the person being spoken to doesnt look interested (Andrews 2001). Good active listening can lead to a better pictureing of the patients most re cent health issues (Sheldon 2005). Poor listening could be as a result of message overload, physical noise, poor effort and psychological noise. Therefore being prepared to listen and putting the effort and time are essential in a nurses role (Grover 2005).NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIONThis type of communication does not involve spoken delivery and can sometimes be more trenchant than words that are spoken. About 60 65 per cent of communication between people is through non verbal behaviours and that these behaviours can give clues to feelings and emotions the patient may be experiencing (Foley 2010, p. 38). Non-verbal communication adds depth to speech to re offer verbal communication to control the flow of communication to convey emotions to help define relationships and a way of giving feed vertebral column. The integr ation between verbal language and paralanguage (vocal), can affect communication received (Spouse 2008)Berry (2007, pg18) highlights the depth of verbal language due to the use of paralinguistic language. The way we ask a question, the tone, and pitch, hoi polloi and speed all have an integral part to play in non verbal communication. In his opinion, personality is shown in the way that paralanguage is used as closely as adding depth of meaning in the presentation of the message been communicated.Foley (2010) identifies studies where language has no real prevalence in getting across turned on(p) feelings, in the majority of cases the person understands the emotion even if they dont understand what is being said. Paralanguage therefore is an important tool in identifying the wound up state of a patient.Non-verbal actions (kinesis) can communicate messages, such as body language, touch, gestures, facial ex argueions and midsection contact. By using the universal facial expressio ns of emotion, our face can show many emotions without verbally saying how we feel (Foley 2010) refer to Appendix table 2. For example, we raise our eye brows when surprised, or open our eyes wider when shocked.First impressions are vital for effective interaction by remembering to smile with your eyes as healthful as your mouth can communicate an advancementable person who is open. This can help to reassure a patient who is showing signs of anxiety (Mason 2010).BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONAn understanding of barriers in communication is also very important. The Welsh Assemblys fundamentals of care (2003) showed that many of the problems associated with health and social care was due to failures in communication. These barriers may be the messenger portraying a judgmental or power attitude. Dickson (1999) suggested that social mannikin can be a barrier to communication, feeling inferior to the nurse may distort the message being received, making communication difficult to maintain.e nvironmental barriers such as a busy ward and a stressed nurse could diverge effective communication. This can greatly reduce the level of empathy and communication given as suggested by Endacott (2009).People with learning disabilities come up against barriers in communicating their needs, due to their inability to communicate verbally, or unable to understand complex new information. This leads to a breakdown in communication and their health care needs being met (Turnbull 2010).Timby (2005) stresses that when effectively communicating with patients the law as well as the NMC (2008) guidelines for consent and confidentiality must be adhered to. This also takes into account handing over to other professionals. He suggests that a patients rights to autonomy should be upheld and respected without any influence or intimidation, regardless of age, religion, gender or race. The use of communication in practice is essential and reflecting on past experience helps for a better understand ing of communication, good and bad.REFLECTIONReflecting on my experience while on placement in a G.P with a practice nurse in south Wales Valleys, has helped me understand and gain practical knowledge in communicating effectively in nursing practice. The duration was for one week and includes appointments in several clinics to do with C.O.P.D (Chronic impeding pulmonary disease). I will be reflecting upon one appointment using the Gibbss reflective cycle (1988).DescriptionDue to confidentiality (NMC, 2008) the patient will be referred to as Mrs A.E. The Nurse called Mrs A.E to come to the appointment room. I could see she was impetuous through her body language (palm trembling and sweaty, fidgety, calm and rapid speech). The nurse asked her to sit down. The nurse gained consent for me to sit in on her freshen (NMC, 2008).The check over started with a basic questionnaire the nurse had pre generated on the electronic computer. It was a fairly closed questionnaire around her live including how it was, when it was laboured. Questions were also asked around her medication and how she was taking her pumps. Reflecting on these questions, I feel the questions did not leave much opportunity for Mrs A.E to say anything else apart from the answer to that question. The nurse controlled the communication flow. The Nurse did not have much eye contact with the patient and was facing the computer rather than her patient. I wondered if the nurse had notice the intent non-verbal communication signs. The patient seemed almost on the verge of tears, I wasnt sure if this was anxiety, distress from being unwell, or she was unhappy about something else. I felt instead sorry for her as all her body language communicated to me that she was not happy. She had her arms crossed across her body (an indication of comforting herself) and she did not smile. She also looked very tense and uncomfortable.The Nurse went on with the general assessment and did the lung test and I took the blood pressure and pulse, gaining consent first as required by the NMC. at once all the questions had been answered on the computer the Nurse turned to face Mrs A.E and I noticed she had eye contact with her and had her body slightly tilted toward the patient (non verbal communication). The Nurse gave her information on why her asthma may be a bit worse at the moment and gave her clear and appropriate information on how she can make manage her COPD at this time of year. The Nurse gave her lots of guidance on the use of her three different pumps, and got her to repeat back to her the instructions, to make sure she silent. I could feel the patient getting more at ease as the communication progressed and also on the confirmation that she understood the instruction. The Nurse knew this patient well and then set the rest of the time talking to the patient about any other concerns she had and how she was feeling in herself, using a more open question technique.The nurse used her active listening skills and allowed the patient to talk about her problems and gave her empathy at her situation as well and some solutions to think about. She gave the patient information of a support group that helped build up confidence in people with chronic conditions and helped them deal with the emotional side of their condition.FeelingsAfter the patient had gone, my mentor explained that the patient was a regular to the clinic, she had many known anxiety issues which werent helped by her chronic asthma.Through-out the beginning of the reassessment I felt very awkward. I thought, because I was sitting in on the limited review, may have been the reason the lady had not said why she seemed so anxious and upset. I also felt the nurse was not reacting to the sign of anxiety from Mrs A.E and this made me feel uncomfortable. I felt like I cute to ask her if she was ok, but felt that I couldnt interrupt the review. stock-still by the end of the review I felt a lot better about how it h ad gone. I did feel that by building up a relationship with the patients allowed the nurse to understand the communication needs of the patient and also allowed her to use the time she had effectively. She used empathy in her approach to the lady and actively listened to her. I understand that the start of the review was about getting the facts of the condition using a lot of closed questions, whereas the later part of the review was a more open questions and non verbal communication approach, allowing the patient to speak about any concerns and feelings about those questions asked earlier. ratingEffectively using closed questions allow for a lot of information to be gathered in a short space of time, and can be specific to the patients review needs. These pre-generated questionnaires are good at acquiring the information needed by the G.P. and also for good record keeping which are essential in the continuity of care delivered to the patient (NMC 2008). It can also protect the nurs e from any litigation issues.The use of open and closed questions also allowed for the review to explore the thoughts and feelings of the patient, thus allowing for empathy from the nurse and is considered a vital part of the counselling relationship (Chowdhry, 2010 pg. 22). just the use of the computer screen facing outside from the patient, did not allow for good non-verbal communication skills to be used. The lack of eye contact from the nurse may have exacerbated the anxiety felt by the patient. Hayward (1975, p. 50) summarised in question that anxiety highlighted an uncertainty about illness or future problems. This link to anxiety was also linked to increased pain.Nazarko (2009) points out, it is imperative that a person has the undecomposed attention of the nurse when they are communicating. He states that being aware of ones own non-verbal behaviours, such as posture and eye contact can have an effect on how communication is received by the patient.As evident in the reflec tion, the patient at the beginning of the review was anxious, upset and worried. By the end of the review her body language had importantly changed. The patient looked and felt a lot better in herself and had a better understanding of how her condition was affecting her and understood how to manage it. However if this information was badly communicated, the patients anxiety could have been prolonged (Hayward, 1975). This also links back to the need to understand medical conditions so that communication is channelled to the patients needs at the time. The fundamentals of care set out by the Welsh Assembly Government (2003), states that communication is of upmost importance in the effectualness of care given by nurses. By looking at all the fundamentals of communication and the effect on patient care we can understand and recognise that the communication in this reflection was good communication in practice.AnalysisThe closed questions were used at the beginning of the review, had th eir advantages. They allowed the nurse to focus the on the specific clinical facts needed. The start of the review used mainly closed questions to get all the clinical facts needed to be recorded, such as personal information, Spirometry results, blood pressure, drug management of COPD (Robinson, 2010). The structured approach allows the nurse to evaluate using measurable outcomes and thus interventions adjusted accordingly (Dougherty, 2008). The closed question approach allows the consultation to be shortened if time is an issue. However the disadvantage of this as identified by Berry (2007) is that important information may be missed. The use of closed questions on a computer screen hindered the use of non-verbal communication. Not allowing for eye contact, which is an important aspect of effective communication.The use of open questions in the review allowed the patient to express how they were feeling about their condition or any other worries. The nurse used active listening sk ills, communicated in her non-verbal behaviour. It gave the opportunity to the patient to ask for advice on any worries they might have. The use of open questions can provoke a long and sometimes not totally relevant response (Baillie, 2005), using up valuable time.Eye contact is another important part of communication in the reflective scenario. The eye contact at the start of the review was limited. The nurse made slight eye contact when asking the closed questions, but made none when given the answer. This may have contributed to the patients anxious state. However, the eye contact given during the open questions section. At this stage, there were several eye contacts between the nurse and patient and information was given and understood. The value of eye contact in communication is invaluable and has great effect at reducing symptoms of anxiety (Dougherty 2008).Reflection conclusionThe use of communication in this COPD review was very structured. The use of closed questions help ed to structure the consultation and acquire lots of information from the patient. The open questions allowed for the patient to express any feeling or concerns. The nurse used verbal and non-verbal communication methods, to obtain information about the patient assess any needs and communicate back to the patient, within the time period. However in my opinion, if the computer screen was moved closer to the patient during the closed question section, better interaction could have been established from the beginning. It would also allow the nurse to look at the patient when asking the questions leading to a more therapeutic relationship, whilst still obtaining and recording a large amount of information.Therefore, the use of effective communication skills as seen in this review along with a person centred approach can significantly increase better treatment and care given to the patient (Spouse, 2008) and thus signifies good communication in practice.Action PlanThe goal of the plan is to increasing patient participation in the use of the computer as an interactive tool. By allowing the patient to see what is on the screen and being written, allows the patient to feel more involved in the assessment and takes away any feeling of inferiority from social class difference.In attempt to achieving these goals, the following steps would be taken gear up up a team up to investigate the issue which could involve nursing staffs or other hospital staffs.Drawing up a feedback questionnaire, to investigate how patients feel about the closed questions on the computer, including a section on how they would feel if they were allowed to look at the screen.Collation, analysis and review of the results of the feedbackIdentify barriers to the implementation of the plan (e.g. willingness of nurses to this change).Inform the NMC on the issues and the findings from the feedback questionnaire.Implementation of the plan.Set up a monitoring and evaluation team to see if the plan is bein g implemented appropriately.CONCLUSIONThis assignment has looked at communication and its importance in nursing practice. Communication is thus an important process involving the interaction between one or more persons using verbal and non-verbal methods. Understanding the barriers to communication contributes significantly to how effective a nurse communicates in practice. The use of questioning in nursing has been a valuable tool in assessing a patient and obtaining information. However the way this is done can have an effect on the development of empathy, trust, genuineness and respect, between the nurse and the patient. It is imperative for nurses to however reflect on their communication in practice to further improve the therapeutic relationship between them and the patient as has been identified as essential in the delivery of care (WAG 2003).REFERENCESAlder, RB. Rodman, G. 2003. Understanding human communication (8th edition). USA Oxford university pressAndrews, C. Smith, J. 2001. Medical Nursing (11th edition) London Harcourt Publishers limitedBerry, D. 2007. Basic forms of communication. In Payne, S. Horn, S. ed. Health communication theory and practice. England Open university press.Chowdhry, S. 2010. Exploring the concept of empathy in nursing can lead to abuse of patient trust. Nursing times 160(42), pp. 22-25Dickson, D. 1999. Barriers to communication. In Long, A. ed. Interaction for practice in community nursing. England Macmillian press LTD, pp. 84-132Dougherty, L. Lister, S. ed. 2008. The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures. Student edition. 7th ed. Italy Wiley-BlackwellEgan, G. 1990. The skilled helper A systematic approach to effective helping. 4th ed. calcium Brooks /ColeEkman, p. Friesen, WV. 1975. Unmasking the face. Englewood cliffs, NJ prentice-hall INCEndacott, R. Jevon, P. Cooper, S. 2009. Clinical Nursing Skills Core and Advanced. Oxford Oxford University Press.Foley, GN. 2010. Non-verbal communication in ps ychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 7(6) pp. 38-44Gibbs, G. 1988. Learning by doing a guide to instruct and learning methods. Oxford Oxford further education unit.Grover, SM. 2005. Shaping effective communication skills and therapeutic relationship at work. Aaohn journal 53(4) pp.177-182Hawkins, K. Power, C. 1999. Gender differences in questions asked during low-pitched decision-making group discussions, small group research.(30) pg.235-256Hayward, J. 1975. Information A prescription against pain. London Royal college of nursing. p. 50Marie- Claire Mason 2010. Effective interaction Nursing Standard 24(31) p 25.Nazarko, L. 2009. Advanced communication skills. British journal of healthcare assistants. 3 (09) pp 449-452Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)2008. The Code Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London. NMCPeate, I. 2006. Becoming a nurse in the 21st century. England Wiley and boyRobinson, T. 2010. Empowering people to self-manage COPD with management plans and hand held records. Nursing times. 106(38) pp. 12-14Sale, J. Neal, NM. 2005. The nurses approach self-awareness and communication. In Ballie, L. ed. Developing practical nursing skills. 2nd ed. London Oxford university press. Pg. 33-57Sheldon, L. 2005. Communication for nurses Talking with patients. London Jones and bartlett pear publishers.Spouse, J. Cook, M. Cox, C. 2008. Common foundation studies in nursing (4th edition). London Churchill livingstone.Stevenson C, Grieves M, Stein Parbury J. 2004. Patient and Person Empowering Interpersonal relationships in Nursing London. Elsevier Limited.Timby, BK. 2005. Fundemental Nursing Skills and Concepts Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams and WilkinsTurnbull J, Chapman ,S. 2010. Supporting Choice in Health Care for People with Learning Disabilities. Nursing Standard 24 (22) pp 50 55Welsh Assembly Government 2003. Fundamentals of Care direction for Health and Social Care Staff Cardiff WAG

Representations of media in film

Representations of media in filmQuestion 2 comparability and Contrast the Approaches to the Representations of the two different Media in most far-famed (2000) and anchor The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004).Word count 2305 Almost Famous is a 1998 American film directed by Cameron Crowe, it tells the story of the mid-seventies American hard rock band Stillwater struggling in the harsh face of stardom from the perspective of a Rolling St star Magazine diarist William moth miller (Patrick Fugit). Anchorman The Legend of Ron Burgundy is a 2004 American parody film directed by Adam McKay, it tells the story of how Ron Burgundy (Will Ferrell), a famous television news anchor in San Diego, descends from fame and later comeback. I choose these two films as both protagonists William Miller and Ron Burgundy are from San Diego and these two different stories happened in the same period of time middle 1970s. They both portray the media effects on audiences and their response to these aud iences. In Almost Famous, audiences are portrayed as active to the music patience and have a good knowledge of the entertainment business. In contrast, audiences in Anchorman are presumed as passive receivers of TV news information right at the stemma. It lacks heartrending critics of events. Fe manlikes are presented considerably in both films as important still a menace to the male characters. Almost Famous treats women less hardly nevertheless females are free to do what they like. On the contrary, female characters in Anchorman are constantly under male power and cannot do what they want notwithstanding they are treated to a greater extent soundly as a practitioner within the industry. Both films shed light upon the gender inequality in a serious tone. I am going to use theories of reflexivity to examine how audiences are portrayed respectively in two different types of media. I will also use the theories of self-reflexivity to compare the difference between two industri es in terms of the production and competition. I will use intertextuality to discuss the genres of two films. Reflexivity, argued by Rosenberg (1990. p3), refers to the process of an entity acting back upon itself. Almost Famous and Anchorman both reflected the media effects on audiences. Almost Famous started its story in the house of the Millers. The first base actual audience mentioned in the film is William Millers sister Anita Miller (Zooey Deschanel) who is a real fan of rock n roll music. She is an inner-directed mortal and regards rock n roll music as an integral diverge of her life and her future. Elaine Miller (Frances McDormand), m another(prenominal) of William and Anita, is a traditional-minded woman who teaches in a local college. Her ideas would not allow Anita to get involved with the low culture she deemed. Anita angrily leaves her home at the age of 18 and starts her career as an air stewardess. At the rattling beginning of the film, the notion of audience is seriously examined. The first audience of music is portrayed as brave and, most-importantly, fully aware of their own behaviours and wants. pop front Anita leaves home, she holds her brother William and tells him Look under your bed. Judging from those worn surfaces of records and the notes she made on each one of them, we can speculate here Anita has been a precise loyal fan and has spent much time, energy and bills on the medium she consumes. William is all the way influenced by her sister as he later grows up to be an even more loyal fan to rock music. It would be hard to imagine that in such a strict household, an obedient new(a) child like William Miller will grow up to be a journalist on rock n roll which is against his mothers will. He lots writes for Creem magazine and knows every song from his lyrics. The devotion wins the feel for him to make friends with musicians as he uses the word incendiary to describe the Fever firedog song of Stillwater right in front of it s members. His passion in pursuing his career as a journalist even makes him give up the chance of attending his graduation ceremony. Another important character inside the film is Penny Lane (Kate Hudson), the founder of Band Aid. She gathers friends to support bands they love instead of just passively listening to their songs without thinking. Penny and William sometime challenge the thoughts of their idols and will give them some constructive ideas. The sad thing is that they have never been regarded seriously until the very end of the film. Anchorman also examines the media effect on audiences but in a less serious tone. From the beginning, a non-diegetic voice narrates the traits of television audiences in the 1970s There was a time, a time before cable, when the local anchorman reigned supreme, when people believed everything they heard on TV. This statement at the very beginning positions TV audiences as passive receivers of information. The first time when Ron Burgundy star ts broadcasting, an old rocker-like man yells in a bar hey everybody, shut the hell up, Ron Burgundy is on. The following mise en scene is a toddler saying her first words Ron Burgundy. It is a clearly a computer generated scene. However, it is a metaphor of the overwhelming power of television in 1970s. Stay classy San Diego is what Ron Burgundy says every time at the end of his broadcasting. Then we see people from different places (home, bar, work place), young or old, white or black, repeat after Ron. This scene fortifies the idea of tellys manipulation over audiences. In a general case in film, males are often portrayed as heroes who struggle and females are put to a less important position (Mortimer, 1997). In both films, females play a great part of the plot but inevitably become portrayed as sex objects. In Almost Famous, Penny Lane and her band aid claim to be supporters of band only, however, ironically, they failed to escape the fate as groupies. Penny Lane is in a very subtle but intimate relationship with Stillwaters guitar player Russell Hammond (Billy Crudup). In many occasions Penny is braless and wears a very thin top or blouse. When the band Stillwater travels to Cleveland, Penny Lane and Russell Hammond are philander with each other and Penny only wears her panties. There is even short scene showing her breasts and her full naked back. Other girls, for example, Polexia (Anna Paquin) is one hundred pct a groupie who tried every time to make out with rock stars and even travels all the way from America to Europe to be with Deep Purple. When William Miller is writing his ideas for Rolling quarry magazine in a bathtub, Penny comes straight in to pee just in front of him. Later William is dragged out by three other young women into bedroom. They claim to deflower Opie and Opie should die. Later we see the pace of imaged has been slowed down, the vibe on the screen becomes highly tingling when they start to undress William and themselves. In A nchorman there is only one woman who has been seriously portrayed speedwell Corningstone (Christina Applegate). When she enters the Channel 4 News military post for the first day, members from Channel 4 News Team try to seduce her and refuse to take her seriously as a journalist or a colleague. Veronica became the object of their sexual imagination when they talk nearly her good body inside the office. Later Ron tries to date her and succeeds at that night and has sex with her. When Ron dialogue about her life with Veronica in the future with his teammates, Veronica is only wearing a cook apron. The conversation is highly erotic too and Veronica in his imagination is a full-time housewife without any careerism. The image of women is degraded and the relationship between male and female protagonists becomes obvious. Women are portrayed as mens most important and shiny accessories, however, to a certain extent, they are a threat to the career of the male protagonists. The flight scene in Almost Famous exposes the promiscuous relationships between band members which cause a huge brawl between them. In Anchorman, Veronica, with her talent and hard work, makes Ron out of trade and takes over as the Channel 4 New anchor. In both films, women function as erotic objects both for the characters within the story and for the spectator, who identifies with the main male protagonist and derives a sense of omnipotence from this identification (Mulvey, 1975. p14). Talking about gender inequality, it is a different landscape between these two films. Women in the music industry are more likely to be themselves. They choose their favourite music, the bands they watch, the food they eat, the place they are and the life they want. Being a journalist in the Television industry, Veronica is not lucky enough to be like them and choose the things she likes to do. As she mentions it is the same everywhere that men make jokes of women. To be the best journalist is the way to get respect. The good thing is that Veronica achieved success and became the first female anchor in America. And later the configuration of having two anchors, one male and one female, report news is nowadays a fixed form. Females inside television industry are treated more seriously as women in contrast to sex objects in music industry. Self-reflexivity is used to describe films or texts which self-consciously acknowledge or reflect upon their own status as fictional artefacts or the processes involved in their creation (Krenn, 2007. p36). Almost Famous exposes some of the ugliest facts about the rock music industry. Hypocrisy is the most severe line of work within the industry and inside people. The first time William meets Jeff Bebe (Jason Lee), Jeff tries to glorify himself by stating rock n roll is a way of thinking, a life style. Fame and money are not important but the chicks are great. He sounds like a rascal who is desperately for staying the spotlight, a hobo who is desperat ely to be cool. When he says all these things, we can see that Russell is looking at him contemptuously which shows that he knows Jeff is pretending to be someone he is not. Russell, compared to Jeff, has a more dear attitude on music. He tells William what makes a song is actually those tiny mistakes. You need only one in the song, and it is what makes fans remember it. The production process in Anchorman seems not very professional. The film constantly shows the mistakes inside Channel 4 News Studio such as the mistakes on the teleprompter and Ron Burgundys finicky character and his low IQ (e.g. He reads out anything he sees). The sense of responsibility is different in two films. Stillwater gives up a show half way and leaves the venue straight away. In television news industry however, when some emergencies happened, there is always a back-up plan to keep thing going. Mead (1934) and Cooley (1902) showed clearly that reflexivity among human beings is rooted in the social proc ess, particularly the process of taking the role of the other and of seeing the self from the others perspective (Rosenburg, M. 1990, p3). The Rolling Stone magazine which trashed Eric Claptons Layla also ended the career of Stillwater. They hasted too much to be famous but lost themselves. Williams article wakes them up but it is already too late to re-establish a good public image. Ron Burgundy learnt from his failure and realised the hard work of Veronica, he finally got to know who he should be and together they made a huge progress for television news industry. The most hilarious sequence in Anchorman is the fight between fivesome news teams. They fight each other near a factory which make people think of the typical gang fight scenes in other films. The fight is fierce and the casualties are heavy. The siren of the police ends this chaos. This is a satire of the vicious and sometimes illegal competitions for higher ratings inside the television news industry. Intertextuality powerfully linked with postmodernism, designates, in its narrow sense, the ways in which a film either explicitly or implicitly refers to others films (e.g. through allusion, imitation, parody or pastiche), or in its broader sense, the various relationships on (film) text may have with other texts (Nelmes, 2012. p191). Both films are based on historical events, so they are themselves inherently examples of intertextuality. Almost Famous is a drama in terms of genre. It vividly retells the stories of a band which failed to become a hit. It tells us a story about chasing dreams and making mistakes. Those pieces of fine music are an intertext of nostalgia for old good times. Anchorman is a parody and this decides it will not analyse events in a more serious fashion, but it shows a historic event of women being recognised in the television broadcasting industry. It is these use of techniques of intertextuality that add power of credibility to the films. Compare and contrast the represen tation of media in these two films, the medias effect over audiences has been examined in both films. Almost Famous tends to analyse the audiences reaction to media effect from the perspective of individuals. Most notably, it uses three characters, William, Anita and Penny, to show audiences active reaction to the medium they love and live on. Anchorman tends to present television news audiences as a passive whole group. The individual characteristics are diminished. Both films recognise the importance of females inside the society. Females in Almost Famous have more independence to do what they like but failed to be taken seriously as women by the society. In Anchorman, the gender inequality is a more prominent problem but females are justly treated as women with dignity and characteristics. They both used intertextuality to create the sense of reality, but one with a more serious tone as a drama and the other less critical as a parody.BibliographyCooley, C. H. (1902) Human Nature and Social Order. Charles Scribners Sons.Krenn, S. (2007) Oriental and postmodern Elements in Moulin Rouge. Universitt Stuttgart DeutschlandMead, G. H. (1934) Mind, Self and Society From the Standpoint of s Social Behaviourist.Chicago The University of Chicago Press.Mulvey L. (1975). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. In L. Braudy and marshall Cohen (eds), Film Theory and Criticism Introductory Readings. New York and Oxford Oxford University Press, 1999, pp.6-18.Nelmes, J. (2012). Introduction to Film Studies. 5th Edition. London Routledge.Rosenberg, M. (1990) Reflexivity and Emotions in Social Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 1.(Mar, 1990), pp 3-12.FimographyAlmost Famous (2000). Film Directed by Cameron CROWE. USA Dreamworks.Anchorman The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004). Film Directed by Andy MCKAY. USA Dreamworks.1

what we ought to eat :: essays research papers

Christine Cuomo spoke about many raise topics on what we ought to work through. She presented a very hot argument on how eating meet is what we should no be eating and that rather more healthier foods such as fruits and vegetables are better for us in several right smarts and for many reasons. Christine is an ethics professor at the University of Cincinnati and during here presentation she made arguments that were somewhat controversial about what people ought to eat and what they shouldnt ought to eat and why. Even though some of here argument were controversial she seemed to put her perspective in very understandable ways that flat those against her position would still enjoy hearing what she has to say. She is a vegetarian but is not one to force the idea on you, and she still eats cheese and imbibe milk. She talks about how animals are slaughtered for food and its not fair to them. She presents an argument on how butchers treat animals horribly and even though they are a extension for our food they is no reason for animal brutality. During the presentation there was a picture of a high pile of pigs slaughtered. The picture was quite grossum and didnt drive much words to tell the story. Animals are just treated very violently as if they have no type of feeling for pain. This is not right. personally I would like to see animals treated better before they are slaughtered because they have feelings of pain just as we do. I wish more people, including myself, green goddess have the go out power to stop eating meet to send a message to their butchers and factories that are displaying such animal brutality. Being a vegetarian is tuff, in particular if your from a nonvegeatarian family. However, Christine made her argument not only how meatless foods are good, but how simply eating less is a good start. Its hard to lead someone to top eating meet but its a nice gesture to try to eat less. Eating less helps, less animals will be needed to food and mayb e a message will be sent to those who practice brutal ways on animals. One interesting point was that animal eat a lot. And its better for the world to have them dead then alive and eating more. This is not a right way to think. Animals were put on this earth by the same supreme being that put us on this earth.

High School Curriculum :: Education Argumentative Persuasive Papers

High School CurriculumWhen reviewing the literature regarding the past, present and future of educational political program, several main points seem apparent, namely that curriculum is cyclical, that a dilemma or paradox exists, and that curriculum must be looked at with a sensitive view. According to Lashway (1999) educators once saw educational domesticize as cyclical. E actually ten years or so one could expect a public outburst followed by frantic efforts to mend a broken system. However, in the last twenty years there seems to have been a perpetual reform.Looking to the past it seems that curriculum became diluted. Schools offered many electives schools even moire down the curriculum hoping to keep students (which was later found to only compound the problem) (Mclaughlin 1990). Curriculum resemb take a lawn sprinkler covering a lot of area yet having very little force.In the 1980s a report called A Nation At Risk stated that American children had fallen behind in such(pr enominal) subjects as maths and science. Thus came the advent of educations increased focus on literacy and numeracy, accountability and academic standards. These high standards, according to Dumas (2000), are the well-nigh significant trend in schools today.These new standards seem to be focusing more on both accountability and back to basics. As a math teacher I can be delighted by this focus. However, as a potential administrator, I realize this is too myopic a view. then these standards have created a dilemma -- a conundrum -- a paradox. Back to basics? BUT these basics must be taught differently, by stressing higher take aim thinking and life/work appreciation. Additionally, all children must be taught, be they rich, poor, learning disabled, foreign speakers etc. Cut frills but be creative Do not forget educating the whole child. Do well on standardized test while remembering and accounting for fewer standardized kids. Be literate and professional but as pointe d out in numerous articles, care, and be a good moral person. Additionally include character education for students.This has led some educators to express reservations about these current trends, mostly because of fears that reform will be driven by conformity to policy mandates rather than the educational inescapably of children. John Goodlad (1999) observes, The language of school reform virtually eschews reference to the measuring of self, civility, civic-mindedness, democratic character and participation in the whole of the human conservation.

Human Origin Teachings :: essays research papers

In my humble opinion, I think public schools agree the right to teach about some(prenominal)thing they want. Hence the enunciate public schools, p bents should have that authority as to whether or not they want their child to attend a school where teachings empennage get disobedient to their ghostlike belief or not. Thats wherefore in that respect is a private school. Anybody can believe in God. But, when there is an answer to a problem or issue that is proven to be correct, then why not rely on that as well. My reasoning is as follows No insertionist, to my knowledge, has given an example of any evidence that, if found, would falsify a young cosmos or a global flood, in spite of being asked repeatedly. But of course there are all sorts of possible observations that would refute these theories. If creationists really, truly believed in these things, then they would readily respond to the challenge by offering a statement of potential falsehood, in the certain knowledge that the falsifying evidence has not and would never be found. Their reluctance to do so reveals that deep down they know that their judgements would not plump for up to scrutiny. Evolution is a theory establish on the evidence at hand (fossil record, genetic data, age of earth/universe etc). The basic idea is evolution is science, its tested, it stands up to the questions, and its capcapable to adapt to take new input to expand our knowledge. Creation is a theory that is declared by religion, and then spends all its time desperately assay to defend itself. Science never works by absolute certainty or "truth", tho it does work by proposing models that have empirical consequences, and we can have considerable confidence in various models which have been stringently tested and explored. Evolution is unity such it stands in relation to biology bonny much as the periodic table stands in relation to chemistry. Please be respectful and withdraw that some very talented people ha ve some very good ideas on the creationist side. I must admit that it is the same for evolution. Ultimately, neither creation nor evolution wins. Each side is NEVER able to even approach a single universal and self evident fact without using evidence, experience, faith, or heresy. Public schools seem to be so horrifically oblivious(predicate) to the idea of sensitivity. Science isnt the process where we prove whats right and wrong.Human Origin Teachings essays research papers In my humble opinion, I think public schools have the right to teach about anything they want. Hence the word public schools, parents should have that authority as to whether or not they want their child to attend a school where teachings can get disobedient to their religious belief or not. Thats why there is a private school. Anybody can believe in God. But, when there is an answer to a problem or issue that is proven to be correct, then why not rely on that as well. My reasoning is as follows No creation ist, to my knowledge, has given an example of any evidence that, if found, would falsify a young earth or a global flood, in spite of being asked repeatedly. But of course there are all sorts of possible observations that would refute these theories. If creationists really, truly believed in these things, then they would readily respond to the challenge by offering a statement of potential falsehood, in the certain knowledge that the falsifying evidence has not and would never be found. Their reluctance to do so reveals that deep down they know that their ideas would not stand up to scrutiny. Evolution is a theory based on the evidence at hand (fossil record, genetic data, age of earth/universe etc). The basic idea is evolution is science, its tested, it stands up to the questions, and its able to adapt to take new input to expand our knowledge. Creation is a theory that is declared by religion, and then spends all its time desperately trying to defend itself. Science never works by absolute certainty or "truth", but it does work by proposing models that have empirical consequences, and we can have considerable confidence in various models which have been stringently tested and explored. Evolution is one such it stands in relation to biology pretty much as the periodic table stands in relation to chemistry. Please be respectful and admit that some very talented people have some very good ideas on the creationist side. I must admit that it is the same for evolution. Ultimately, neither creation nor evolution wins. Each side is NEVER able to even approach a single universal and self evident fact without using evidence, experience, faith, or heresy. Public schools seem to be so horrifically oblivious to the idea of sensitivity. Science isnt the process where we prove whats right and wrong.